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version 1.2, 2002/05/31 13:51:31 version 1.3, 2002/06/03 05:15:59
Line 31 Line 31
   
 \layout Title  \layout Title
   
 Introduction to the Learning   Learning 
 \emph on   \emph on 
 Online  Online
 \emph default   \emph default 
  Network with CAPA   Network with CAPA
   \newline 
   
   \emph on 
   \SpecialChar ~
   
   \newline 
   
   \size larger 
   Author's Tutorial And Manual
 \layout Standard  \layout Standard
 \added_space_top vfill \align center   \added_space_top vfill \align center 
 \SpecialChar ~  \SpecialChar ~
Line 120  developed your objectives for your cours Line 129  developed your objectives for your cours
 \layout Itemize  \layout Itemize
   
 developed your problems for testing and identified the question formats.  developed your problems for testing and identified the question formats.
  The Template for Mapping Website to LON-CAPA that you filled in will assist  \layout Subsection
  you in the process of creating your course website structure in LON-CAPA.  
   About This Manual
   \layout Standard
   
   Throughout this manual, keywords and phrases literally present on the computer
    screen will be referred to in 
   \series bold 
   bold type
   \series default 
   .
 \layout Standard  \layout Standard
   
 This tutorial describes how to use the various author functions available  Chapters 
  in LON-CAPA.  \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Author Interface}
   
   \end_inset 
   
    through 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating a Course}
   
   \end_inset 
   
    comprise a tutorial that will introduce you to the authoring system.
    After that, this document is a reference manual for authoring course materials.
   \layout Standard
   
   For more information, see the website at http://help.loncapa.org/, where you
    can get help and information.
    If you cannot find an answer for your question, please email us and let
    us know, so we put the solution to your problem online.
 \layout Section  \layout Section
   
 The LON-CAPA Author Interface  The LON-CAPA Author Interface
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Author Interface}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
 \layout Subsection  \layout Subsection
   
 Login as Course Author  Login as Course Author
Line 180  Fill in the Username and Password boxes Line 219  Fill in the Username and Password boxes
  This will take you to your LON-CAPA User Roles menu.   This will take you to your LON-CAPA User Roles menu.
 \layout Description  \layout Description
   
 Note: Your Username is your PILOT ID, which is the part of your PILOT email  Note: Your Username and Password will be given to you by your system administrat
  address to the left of the @.  or.
  Your password is your PILOT email password.   Both are case sensitive, so make sure you type them with the correct case.
  Both the PILOT ID and the password are case sensitive, so make sure you  
  type upper- and lower-case letters correctly.  
 \layout Subsection  \layout Subsection
   
   
Line 312  ROLES Line 349  ROLES
   
  button takes up on my printout! So in actuality, you're commiting to something   button takes up on my printout! So in actuality, you're commiting to something
  no sane remote control designer could deal with.   no sane remote control designer could deal with.
  Moreover, I observe that on a real remote, the vast majority of buttons  
  are labelled with one conceptual entity (i.e.,   
 \begin_inset Quotes eld  
 \end_inset   
   
 1  
 \begin_inset Quotes erd  
 \end_inset   
   
 ,   
 \begin_inset Quotes eld  
 \end_inset   
   
 5  
 \begin_inset Quotes erd  
 \end_inset   
   
 ,   
 \begin_inset Quotes eld  
 \end_inset   
   
 FF  
 \begin_inset Quotes erd  
 \end_inset   
   
 ,   
 \begin_inset Quotes eld  
 \end_inset   
   
 [the pause symbol]  
 \begin_inset Quotes erd  
 \end_inset   
   
 , etc)., not   
 \begin_inset Quotes eld  
 \end_inset   
   
 Change User  
 \begin_inset Quotes erd  
 \end_inset   
   
  which is two entities by my count, at least for an initial user.  
 \layout Comment  \layout Comment
   
 \SpecialChar ~  \SpecialChar ~
Line 389  The upshot is that the only upside to th Line 384  The upshot is that the only upside to th
   
 \layout Comment  \layout Comment
   
 Also, based on my relatively little info, I think you're data-mining the  We're data-mining the web logs to see what people actually use.
  web logs to see what people actually use.  
  This is good.   This is good.
  We may need to do some really simple stuff before he finishes.   We may need to do some really simple stuff before he finishes.
  Raw statistics on what buttons are pressed most often can probably be interpret   Raw statistics on what buttons are pressed most often can probably be interpret
Line 525  Content Page Line 519  Content Page
 \end_inset   \end_inset 
   
  displays course content.   displays course content.
  It is mostly a conventional HTML page.   It is essentially a conventional HTML page.
     
 \layout Comment  \layout Comment
   
Line 573  Sequence Line 567  Sequence
   
 \series default   \series default 
  type represents a programmed series of events.   type represents a programmed series of events.
  The users of this resource can use array keys or NAV buttons to follow   The users of this resource can use buttons on their remote or the NAV button
  the sequence.   to follow the sequence.
  These resources are stored in files that must use the extension    These resources are stored in files that must use the extension 
 \begin_inset Quotes eld  \begin_inset Quotes eld
 \end_inset   \end_inset 
Line 873  How to Create New Content Pages Line 867  How to Create New Content Pages
 Content Pages  Content Pages
 \series default   \series default 
  are HTML documents that display the course information you are presenting.   are HTML documents that display the course information you are presenting.
  These documents can be created in any order.   To create new Content Pages, do the following:
 \layout Comment  
   
 Is this worth mentioning?  
 \layout Standard  
   
 To create new Content Pages, do the following:  
 \layout Comment  \layout Comment
   
 Is step one necessary? I don't see how it could be.  Is step one necessary? I don't see how it could be.
Line 958  Save and then attempt to clean HTML Line 946  Save and then attempt to clean HTML
 \layout Standard  \layout Standard
   
 Repeat this process as many times as necessary to create your Content Pages.  Repeat this process as many times as necessary to create your Content Pages.
    
   \layout Standard
   
   If you're following this as a tutorial, create at least one content page,
    which we'll use later as raw material.
 \layout Subsection  \layout Subsection
   
 How to Edit Existing Content Pages  How to Edit Existing Content Pages
Line 1010  Save and then attempt to clean HTML Line 1003  Save and then attempt to clean HTML
 \layout Subsection  \layout Subsection
   
 Creating Online Problems Using LON-CAPA  Creating Online Problems Using LON-CAPA
   \layout Standard
   
   If you're following this as a tutorial, go ahead and make one of each of
    these problem types now.
    We'll be using them later as raw material to assemble maps and sequences.
 \layout Subsubsection  \layout Subsubsection
   
 Problems Types  Problems Types
Line 1103  String Response Line 1101  String Response
  for the answer.   for the answer.
  Examples of string response questions are vocabulary tests, short answer   Examples of string response questions are vocabulary tests, short answer
  and entering chemical formulas.   and entering chemical formulas.
 \layout Comment  
   
 Case sensitivity?  
 \layout Standard  \layout Standard
   
 Note that it is easy to abuse String Response problems.  Note that it is easy to abuse String Response problems.
Line 1147  Samuel Clements Line 1142  Samuel Clements
  be difficult to get it all right.   be difficult to get it all right.
  Before you use a String Response problem, be sure you can easily characterize   Before you use a String Response problem, be sure you can easily characterize
  correct answers.   correct answers.
 \layout Comment  
   
 Check this stuff.  
 \layout Subsubsection  \layout Subsubsection
   
 Numerical Response Problems  Numerical Response Problems
Line 1675  Example: Matching Problem Line 1667  Example: Matching Problem
 You might want to ask the student to match musical compositions with their  You might want to ask the student to match musical compositions with their
  composers.   composers.
  You could create an Option Response problem with 4 Concept Groups, and   You could create an Option Response problem with 4 Concept Groups, and
  place the following four things each in one concept group:   place the following four things each in their own concept group:
 \layout Itemize  \layout Itemize
   
 Claire de Lune  Claire de Lune
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Clair de Lune}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
 \begin_float footnote   \begin_float footnote 
 \layout Standard  \layout Standard
   
Line 2236  Scroll down to the Hint element, and typ Line 2233  Scroll down to the Hint element, and typ
 Click the Submit Changes button.  Click the Submit Changes button.
 \layout Subsection  \layout Subsection
   
 Creating Numerical Response  Creating Numerical Response And Formula Response Problems
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Numerical Response}  
   
 \end_inset   
   
   
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Numerical Response}  
   
 \end_inset   
   
  Problems  
 \layout Standard  \layout Standard
   
 Numerical Response problems are answered by entering a number and an optional  Numerical Response problems are answered by entering a number and an optional
Line 2256  Numerical Response problems are answered Line 2243  Numerical Response problems are answered
 \end_inset   \end_inset 
   
 .  .
 \layout Standard   Formula Response problems are answered by entering a mathematical formula.
   
 To create an Numerical Response problem, create a new resource as described  
  in section   
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating New Content Pages}  
   
 \end_inset   
   
 .  
  This is a   
 \begin_inset Quotes eld  
 \end_inset   
   
 problem  
 \begin_inset Quotes erd  
 \end_inset   
   
  resource so the URL must end in   
 \begin_inset Quotes eld  
 \end_inset   
   
 .problem  
 \begin_inset Quotes erd  
 \end_inset   
   
 .  
  You should see a screen as in figure   
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating a new problem resource}  
   
 \end_inset   
   
 .  
 \layout Enumerate  
   
 In the drop-down option box as seen in   
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating a new problem resource}  
   
 \end_inset   
   
 , select   
 \series bold   
 Simple Numerical Response Problem  
 \series default   
 , and click the   
 \series bold   
 New Problem  
 \series default   
  button.  
 \layout Enumerate  
   
 Click the   
 \series bold   
 Edit  
 \series default   
  button above the sample problem to enter edit mode.  
 \begin_float fig   
 \layout Standard  
 \align center   
   
 \begin_inset Figure size 476 302  
 file numericalResponseEditor.eps  
 width 3 80  
 flags 9  
   
 \end_inset   
   
   
 \layout Caption  
   
 Numerical Response Editor  
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Numerical Response Editor Figure}  
   
 \end_inset   
   
   
 \end_float   
  You should see the String Response editor page open up, which should look  
  something like what you see in figure   
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Numerical Response Editor Figure}  
   
 \end_inset   
   
 .  
 \layout Enumerate  
   
 Please refer to the CAPA manual for help with Numerical Response Problems.  
 \layout Comment  
   
 Copout.  
  I need this info.  
 \layout Subsection  
   
 Creating Formula Response  
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Formula Response}  
   
 \end_inset   
   
   
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Formula Response}  
   
 \end_inset   
   
  Problems  
 \layout Standard  
   
 Formula Response problems are answered by entering a mathematical formula.  
  For instance, a numerical response problem might have an answer of    For instance, a numerical response problem might have an answer of 
 \begin_inset Formula \( x^{2}+11 \)  \begin_inset Formula \( x^{2}+11 \)
 \end_inset   \end_inset 
   
 .  .
  The answer may be in any equivalent format.   The answer may be in any equivalent format.
  For instance, for   For instance, for 
 \begin_inset Formula \( x^{2}+11 \)  \begin_inset Formula \( x^{2}+11 \)
 \end_inset   \end_inset 
   
Line 2383  Formula Response problems are answered b Line 2265  Formula Response problems are answered b
  as well.   as well.
 \layout Standard  \layout Standard
   
 To create an Formula Response problem, create a new resource as described  Creating Numerical Response and Formula Response problems starts the same
  in section    as the other problem types, but because of the power of Numerical Response
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating New Content Pages}   and Formula Response problems, it is too difficult to cover them in this
    tutorial.
 \end_inset    For more information about these problem types, please see section 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Numerical Response}
 .  
  This is a   
 \begin_inset Quotes eld  
 \end_inset   
   
 problem  
 \begin_inset Quotes erd  
 \end_inset   
   
  resource so the URL must end in   
 \begin_inset Quotes eld  
 \end_inset   
   
 .problem  
 \begin_inset Quotes erd  
 \end_inset   
   
 .  
  You should see a screen as in figure   
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating a new problem resource}  
   
 \end_inset   
   
 .  
 \layout Enumerate  
   
 In the drop-down option box as seen in   
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating a new problem resource}  
   
 \end_inset   
   
 , select   
 \series bold   
 Simple Formula Problem  
 \series default   
 , and click the   
 \series bold   
 New Problem  
 \series default   
  button.  
 \layout Enumerate  
   
 Click the   
 \series bold   
 Edit  
 \series default   
  button above the sample problem to enter edit mode.  
 \begin_float fig   
 \layout Standard  
 \align center   
   
 \begin_inset Figure size 476 302  
 file numericalResponseEditor.eps  
 width 3 80  
 flags 9  
   
 \end_inset   
   
   
 \layout Caption  
   
 Numerical Response Editor  
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Numerical Response Editor Figure}  
   
 \end_inset   \end_inset 
   
    for Numerical Response problems and section 
 \end_float   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Formula Response}
  You should see the Formula Response editor page open up, which should look  
  something like what you see in figure   
 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Numerical Response Editor Figure}  
   
 \end_inset   \end_inset 
   
 .   for Formula Response problems.
 \layout Enumerate  
   
 Please refer to the CAPA manual for help with Numerical Response Problems.  
 \layout Comment  
   
 Copout.  
  I need this info.  
 \layout Section  \layout Section
   
 Publishing Your Course  Publishing Your Resources
 \layout Standard  \layout Standard
   
 In order to make the content you've created available for courses to use,  In order to make the content you've created available for courses to use,
Line 2715  private Line 2524  private
 \end_inset   \end_inset 
   
 ).  ).
   \layout Standard
   
   If you're following this as a tutorial, publish your resources so we can
    use them in the next section.
 \layout Section  \layout Section
   
 Things That Need To Be Added  Creating A Course
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Creating a Course}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   : Maps and Sequences
   \layout Standard
   
   In order to create a useful course, we need to arrange our raw materials
    so that students can use them.
 \layout Subsection  \layout Subsection
   
 LON-CAPA and Units  Binding Together Resources In One Map: Page
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Page}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Standard
   
   \begin_float fig 
   \layout Standard
   \align center 
   
   \begin_inset Figure size 429 66
   file mapEditingButton.eps
   flags 9
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Caption
   
   Map Editing Button
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Map Editing Button Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \end_float 
   To join several resources into one page, you need to create a 
   \series bold 
   Map
   \series default 
    of type 
   \series bold 
   Page
   \series default 
   .
    To create Page resource, create a new resource as described in section
    
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating New Content Pages}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    This is a 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   page
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    resource so the URL must end in 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   .page
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    After you enter in the URL ending in 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   .page
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   , you should see a screen as in figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Editing Button Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    Click the button to get to the sequence editor.
    
   \begin_float fig 
   \layout Standard
   \align center 
   
   \begin_inset Figure size 476 226
   file mapEditInitial.eps
   width 3 80
   flags 11
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Caption
   
   Initial Map Editor
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Initial Map Editor FIgure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \end_float 
   After the system notices the map does not yet exist and creates it for you.
    You should the initial map editor as seen in figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Initial Map Editor FIgure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    Note there are two windows.
    One is the workspace, and one is the window which will contain information
    as you add resources.
 \layout Subsection  \layout Subsection
   
 Creating a default metadata file  About The Editor
   \layout Standard
   
   \begin_float fig 
   \layout Caption
   
   Example of the Map Editor
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Map Editor Example Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \end_float 
   Maps are very powerful and can do a lot.
    They can make decisions as the user progresses, and go down different paths
    under different circumstances.
    For instance, a map can go down one path if the user gets a problem right,
    and another path if they don't.
    
   \layout Standard
   
   To facilitate editing these powerful entities, LON-CAPA has a map editor
    that helps you take advantage of this power, as seen in figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Editor Example Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    The map editor can display the different paths in your browser, and allow
    you to edit, insert, and delete resources from your map.
    The editor has a 
   \series bold 
   Start
   \series default 
    area and a 
   \series bold 
   Finish
   \series default 
    area.
    The students in the course will progress along on path or another, depending
    on decisions made at each resource, as explained later.
    Different paths are represented with different lines in the map editor.
    In the example figure, there are two paths the student can go down, depending
    on whether or not they get the problem at the branch point correct.
    By the end of this section, we'll create the map represented in this figure.
   \layout Standard
   
   The branching ability can obviously be used to help the student understand
    the concept in the problem by having them go through some extra material
    based on their performance, but the total uses of this feature are limited
    only by your imagination.
   \layout Subsection
   
   Creating a Simple Map: Page
   \layout Standard
   
   To add a resource to the map:
   \layout Enumerate
   
   Click on an unused light gray area.
   \begin_float fig 
   \layout Standard
   \align center 
   
   \begin_inset Figure size 476 242
   file mapEditFirstClick.eps
   width 3 80
   flags 9
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Caption
   
   Map Editor after clicking on the box labelled 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   here
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Map Editor First Click Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \end_float 
    In figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Editor First Click Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   , the map editor after clicking on the area labelled 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   here
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    is shown.
    In that figure, lines have been added to show where the box boundaries
    are for the purposes of demonstration.
    This is to allow you to stay in sync with this tutorial; normally this
    doesn't matter.
    
   \begin_deeper 
   \layout Standard
   
   Note that the contents of the seperate window have changed.
   \end_deeper 
   \layout Enumerate
   
   \begin_float fig 
   \layout Standard
   \align center 
   
   \begin_inset Figure size 476 218
   file mapNewResource.eps
   width 3 80
   flags 9
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Caption
   
   Map Resource Editor
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Map Resource Editor Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \end_float 
   Click on 
   \series bold 
   Insert Resource
   \series default 
    in the secondary window.
    A 
   \series bold 
   Resource
   \series default 
    will appear in the map editor.
    Click on the new Resource, and you'll get something like Figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Resource Editor Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
    will show appear.
    Click 
   \series bold 
   Browse
   \series default 
   , and the 
   \series bold 
   Network Directory Browser
   \series default 
    will appear,
   \begin_float fig 
   \layout Standard
   \align center 
   
   \begin_inset Figure size 476 216
   file mapEditorDirectoryBrowser.eps
   width 3 80
   flags 9
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Caption
   
   Network Directory Browser
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Map Editor Network Directory Browser Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \end_float 
    looking something like figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Editor Network Directory Browser Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    Press the select button that is next to the resource you want to include.
   \begin_float fig 
   \layout Standard
   \align center 
   
   \begin_inset Figure size 476 213
   file mapEditorResourceChosen.eps
   width 3 80
   flags 9
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Caption
   
   Resource Chosen
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Map Resource Chosen Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
    (HTML page)
   \end_float 
    Once you've done that, if you look back at the window that popped up when
    you clicked on 
   \series bold 
   New Resource
   \series default 
   , you'll see something like figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Resource Chosen Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    You can type the 
   \series bold 
   URL
   \series default 
    and 
   \series bold 
   Title
   \series default 
    if you prefer, following the format you see above.
    After you click 
   \series bold 
   Save Changes
   \series default 
   , your changes will be saved, and the icons for the resource will appear
    in the 
   \series bold 
   Res
   \series default 
    box, as shown in figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Resource Chosen Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   .
   \begin_deeper 
   \layout Standard
   
   Clicking on the left icon for a resource will open a new browser window
    with an informational page about that resource.
    Clicking on the right icon for a resource will open a new browser window
    taking you to the rendering of that resource.
   \end_deeper 
   \layout Enumerate
   
   Let's give practice giving ourselves a bit more space.
    Click on the grey space just left of your resource, and select 
   \series bold 
   Insert Column Right
   \series default 
   .
    This will add a column to the right of that space.
    Now, click on the bottom row in the grey area, and select 
   \series bold 
   Insert Row Above
   \series default 
   .
    This gives us enough space to work with.
   \layout Enumerate
   
   Now, in the map editor window, click just to the left of the 
   \series bold 
   Res
   \series default 
    box.
   \begin_float fig 
   \layout Standard
   \align center 
   
   \begin_inset Figure size 357 190
   file mapSecondWindowSecondResource.eps
   flags 9
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Caption
   
   Choosing your second resource
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Map Second Resource Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \end_float 
    The secondary window will appear as it does in figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Second Resource Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   , but for now just choose 
   \series bold 
   Insert Resource
   \series default 
    again, not the new options.
    Insert a resource in the same manner as before.
   \begin_float fig 
   \layout Standard
   \align center 
   
   \begin_inset Figure size 476 243
   file mapTwoResources.eps
   width 3 80
   flags 11
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Caption
   
   Two Resource in the Map Editor
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Two Resources in the Map Editor Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \end_float 
    You should have something that looks like figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Two Resources in the Map Editor Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   , though the exact placement may differ.
    Now we need to link them together.
   \layout Enumerate
   
   Click the Start box.
    In the secondary window, select 
   \series bold 
   Link Resource
   \series default 
   .
    The secondary window will prompt you to click on the resource you want
    to link it to.
    Click the first resource you added to the map.
    A new link is created.
   \layout Enumerate
   
   Repeat the last step, linking the first resource to the second resource,
    and the second resource to 
   \series bold 
   Finish
   \series default 
   .
   \layout Enumerate
   
   Now, in the editor window, click 
   \series bold 
   Save Map
   \series default 
   .
    A dialog box will pop up, telling you the map has been saved.
   \layout Standard
   
   Now that you 
   \layout Section
   
   Numerical Response
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Numerical Response}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Numerical Response}
   
   \end_inset 
   
    Problems
   \layout Standard
   
   Numerical Response problems are very powerful.
    In fact, they are so powerful it would be impossible to fully explain what
    is possible in a document like this.
    This chapter will focus on just getting you started with Numerical Response
    problems, and showing you some of the possibilities, with no prerequisite
    knowlege necessary.
    The more you learn, the more you will find you can do.
   \layout Standard
   
   In this chapter and the next, I will use the terms 
   \series bold 
   static
   \series default 
    and 
   \series bold 
   dynamic
   \series default 
   .
    
   \series bold 
   Static
   \series default 
    means the object never changes, and is the same for each student.
    By contrast, 
   \series bold 
   dynamic
   \series default 
    means the value can change, because there is some script that computes
    it for each student.
   \layout Standard
   
   If you like, you can follow this chapter along as its own tutorial.
    Create a Numerical Response problem using the instructions in section 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating New Content Pages}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   , ending your resource name with 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   .problem
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   , and create a new 
   \series bold 
   Simple Numerical Response
   \series default 
    problem.
   \layout Subsection
   
   The Parts of a Numerical Response Problem
   \layout Standard
   
   \begin_float fig 
   \layout Standard
   \align center 
   
   \begin_inset Figure size 476 356
   file numericalResponse1.eps
   width 3 80
   flags 9
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Caption
   
   Numerical Response editor 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Numerical Response Editor Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \end_float 
   A Numerical Response problem has seven major parts by default, as seen in
    figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Numerical Response Editor Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   :
   \layout Enumerate
   
   The 
   \series bold 
   Script
   \series default 
   .
    The script is the heart of advanced Numerical Response problems.
    It can be used to decide some of the parameters of the problem, compute
    the answer to the problem, and do just about anything else you can imagine.
    The Script language is 
   \series bold 
   Perl
   \begin_float footnote 
   \layout Standard
   
   For lots and lots more information about Perl, see the Perl website at http://ww
   w.perl.org/ .
   \end_float 
   .
    You do not need to know Perl to use the Script block, as we will be stepping
    through some advanced examples in this chapter, but knowing Perl can help.
   \layout Enumerate
   
   Like other problem types, the 
   \series bold 
   Text Block
   \series default 
    is used to display the problem the student will see.
    In addition, you can place things in the 
   \series bold 
   Text Block
   \series default 
    based on computations done in the 
   \series bold 
   Script
   \series default 
   .
   \layout Enumerate
   
   The 
   \series bold 
   Answer
   \series default 
    is the answer the system is looking for.
    This can also use parameters from the 
   \series bold 
   Script
   \series default 
    block, allowing the answer to be computed dynamically.
   \layout Enumerate
   
   A 
   \series bold 
   tolerance
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tolerance}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \series default 
    parameter, which determines how closely the system will require the student
    answer to be in order to count it correct.
    For technical reasons, it is almost never a good idea to set this parameter
    to zero
   \begin_float footnote 
   \layout Standard
   
   Computers can only approximate computations involving real numbers.
    For instance, a computer's [decimal] answer to the simple problem 
   \begin_inset Formula \( \frac{1}{3} \)
   \end_inset 
   
    is 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   0.33333333333333331
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    It 
   \emph on 
   should
   \emph default 
    be an infinite series of 3's, and there certainly shouldn't be a 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   1
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    in the answer, but no computer can represent an infinitely long, infinitely
    detailed real number.
    Therefore, for any problem where the answer is not a small integer, you
    
   \emph on 
   need
   \emph default 
    to allow a tolerance factor, or the students will find it nearly impossible
    to exactly match the computers idea of the answer.
   \end_float 
   , though you may find the default too large for some problems.
    There are two kinds of tolerance.
    If there is some answer 
   \begin_inset Formula \( a \)
   \end_inset 
   
    and a tolerance 
   \begin_inset Formula \( t \)
   \end_inset 
   
   ,
   \begin_deeper 
   \layout Enumerate
   
   an 
   \series bold 
   Absolute
   \series default 
    tolerance
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{absolute tolerance}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tolerance, absolute}
   
   \end_inset 
   
    will take anything in the range 
   \begin_inset Formula \( a\pm t \)
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    So if 
   \begin_inset Formula \( a=10 \)
   \end_inset 
   
    and 
   \begin_inset Formula \( t=2 \)
   \end_inset 
   
   , then anything between 8 and 12 is acceptable
   \begin_float footnote 
   \end_deeper 
   \layout Standard
   
   For much the same reasons a tolerance is almost always a good idea, it's
    almost impossible to say whether an answer that is 
   \emph on 
   exactly
   \emph default 
    
   \begin_inset Formula \( a\pm t \)
   \end_inset 
   
    will be accepted by the computer.
    But the computer does use many decimal places of accuracy; if you want
    to have the student answer exactly 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   2
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   , then specifying a tolerance of 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   .0000001
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    is OK.
    (Don't use too many more zeros, though you can use less if you like.)
   \end_float 
   .
    Any number in the tolerance field 
   \emph on 
   without
   \emph default 
    a 
   \series bold 
   %
   \series default 
    symbol is an absolute tolerance.
   \begin_deeper 
   \layout Enumerate
   
   a 
   \series bold 
   Relative
   \series default 
    tolerance
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{relative tolerance}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tolerance, relative}
   
   \end_inset 
   
    will take anything in the range 
   \begin_inset Formula \( a\pm at \)
   \end_inset 
   
   , where 
   \emph on 
   t
   \emph default 
    is interpreted as a percentage.
    Any number in the tolerance field 
   \emph on 
   with
   \emph default 
    a 
   \series bold 
   %
   \series default 
    symbol is a relative tolerance.
    For example, 
   \begin_inset Formula \( a=10 \)
   \end_inset 
   
    and 
   \begin_inset Formula \( t=10\% \)
   \end_inset 
   
    will accept anything between 9 and 11.
    
   \end_deeper 
   \layout Enumerate
   
   A 
   \series bold 
   significant figures
   \series default 
    specification tells the system how many significant figures there are in
    the problem, as either a single number or a range of acceptable values,
    expressed as 
   \series bold 
   min,max
   \series default 
   .
    The system will check to make sure that the student's answer contains this
    many significant digits, useful in many scientific calculations.
    For example, if the problem has three significant digits, the significant
    digit specification is 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   3
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   , and the answer is 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   1.3
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   , the system will require the students to type 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   1.30
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   , even though numerically, 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   1.3
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    and 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   1.30
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    are the same.
   \begin_deeper 
   \layout Comment
   
   Confirm this.
   \end_deeper 
   \layout Enumerate
   
   The 
   \series bold 
   Single Line Text Entry
   \series default 
    area, as in other problems, allow you to manipulate the text entry area
    the student will see.
   \layout Enumerate
   
   Finally, the 
   \series bold 
   Hint
   \series default 
    provides a place to help students who get the problem incorrect the first
    time.
   \layout Subsection
   
   Simple Numerical Response Answer
   \layout Standard
   
   Along with showing the Numerical Response editor, figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Numerical Response Editor Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
    also shows the parameters for one of the simplest possible types of numerical
    response.
    The 
   \series bold 
   Text Block
   \series default 
    has the problem's question, which is the static text 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   What is 2 + 2?
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    The 
   \series bold 
   Answer
   \series default 
    is 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   4
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    The 
   \series bold 
   Hint
   \series default 
    has been set to something appropriate for this problem (unless this problem
    is being given to very young children).
    Everything else has the default values from when the problem was created.
   \layout Standard
   
   If you create a problem like this, hit 
   \series bold 
   Submit Changes
   \series default 
   , then hit 
   \series bold 
   View
   \series default 
    after the changes have been submitted, you can try the problem out for
    yourself.
    Note the last box in the HTML page has the answer LON-CAPA is looking for
    conveniently displayed for you, along with the range the computer will
    accept and the number of significant digits the computer requires.
   \layout Standard
   
   As you're playing with the problem, if you use up all your tries or get
    the answer correct but wish to continue playing with the problem, use the
    
   \series bold 
   Reset Submissions
   \series default 
    button to clear your answer attempts.
    
   \layout Subsection
   
   Simple Script Usage
   \layout Standard
   
   Totally static problems only scratch the surface of the Numerical Response
    capabilities.
    To really explore the power of LON-CAPA, we need to start creating dynamic
    problems.
    But before we can get to truly dynamic problems, we need to learn how to
    work with the 
   \series bold 
   Script
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Script}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \series default 
    window.
   \layout Standard
   
   A script consists of several 
   \series bold 
   statements
   \series default 
   , seperated by 
   \series bold 
   semi-colons
   \series default 
   .
    A 
   \series bold 
   statement
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{statement}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \series default 
    is the smallest kind of instruction to the computer you can give.
    Most problems will be built from several statements.
    
   \layout Standard
   
   A script can contain 
   \series bold 
   comments
   \series default 
   , which are not interpreted as statements by the computer.
    Comments start with 
   \series bold 
   #
   \series default 
   , and go to the end of that line.
    Thus, if a line starts with #, the whole line is ignored.
    Comments can also begin in the middle of a line.
    It is a good idea to comment more complicated scripts, as it can be very
    difficult to read a large script and figure out what it does.
    It is a 
   \emph on 
   very
   \emph default 
    good idea to adopt some sort of commenting standard, especially if you
    are working in a group or others may use your problems in the future.
   \layout Standard
   
   One of the simplest statements in LON-CAPA is a 
   \series bold 
   variable assignment
   \series default 
   .
    A 
   \series bold 
   variable
   \series default 
    can hold any value in it.
    Simple values, such as a number or a string of text, start with a 
   \series bold 
   $
   \series default 
   .
    In the 
   \series bold 
   Script
   \series default 
   , you need to assign to variables before you use them.
    Put the program in Figure
   \begin_float fig 
   \layout LyX-Code
   \align center 
   $variable = 3;
   \layout Caption
   \pextra_type 3 \pextra_widthp 40
   
   A simple script with a variable 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{A simple script with a variable}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \end_float 
    
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{A simple script with a variable}
   
   \end_inset 
   
    into the 
   \series bold 
   Script
   \series default 
    field of the Numerical Response.
    This creates a simple variable named 
   \series bold 
   variable
   \series default 
    and assigns it the value of 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   3
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    That's one statement.
   \layout Standard
   
   Variable names are 
   \emph on 
   case sensitive
   \emph default 
   , must start with a letter, and can only consist of letters, numbers, and
    underscores.
    Variable names can be as long as you want.
    
   \layout Standard
   
   Getting variable names right is a skill.
    Variable names should not be too long, because they become easy to mistype.
    Variable names should also not be too short, with the exception of some
    conventionally short variable names we'll talk about later.
   \layout Standard
   
   There are many variable naming conventions, covering both how to name and
    how to capatalize variables
   \begin_float footnote 
   \layout Standard
   
   The author favors 
   \family typewriter 
   capsOnNewWords
   \family default 
   .
    Some people use 
   \family typewriter 
   underscore_to_seperate_words
   \family default 
   .
    Many use uppercase letters to specify constants like 
   \family typewriter 
   PI
   \family default 
    or 
   \family typewriter 
   GOLDEN_MEAN
   \family default 
   .
    Some people always 
   \family typewriter 
   StartWithCapatalization
   \family default 
   .
    What's really importent is to be consistent, so you don't have to guess
    whether the variable you're thinking of is 
   \family typewriter 
   coefFriction
   \family default 
   , 
   \family typewriter 
   CoefFriction
   \family default 
   , 
   \family typewriter 
   COEF_FRICTION
   \family default 
   , or something else.
   \end_float 
   .
    It is a good idea to adopt a standard.
    If you are working with a group, you may wish to discuss it in your group
    and agree on a convention.
    
   \layout Standard
   
   If you 
   \series bold 
   Submit Changes
   \series default 
    and 
   \series bold 
   View
   \series default 
    the problem, you'll see nothing has changed.
    That's because in order for a variable to be useful, it must be used.
    The variable can be used in several places.
   \layout Subsubsection
   
   Variables in Scripts
   \layout Standard
   
   Variables can be used later in the same script.
    For instance, we can add another line below the 
   \family typewriter 
   $variable
   \family default 
    line as such:
   \layout LyX-Code
   
   $variable2 = $variable + 2;
   \layout Standard
   
   Now there's a variable called 
   \family typewriter 
   $variable2
   \family default 
    with the value 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   5
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    
   \layout Standard
   
   Variables can also be used in 
   \emph on 
   strings
   \emph default 
   
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{strings}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   , which are a sequence of letters.
    The underlying language of the script, Perl, has a very large number of
    ways of using variables in strings, but the easiest and most common way
    is to use normal double-quotes and just spell out the name of the variable
    you want to use in the string, like this:
   \layout LyX-Code
   
   $stringVar = 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   I have a variable with the value $variable.
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Standard
   
   This will put the string 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   I have a variable with the value 3.
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    into the variable named 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   stringVar
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   .
   \layout Standard
   
   If you are following this chapter as a tutorial, add the previous two lines
    and save the problem.
    There's no need to view it; there's still no visible change.
   \layout Subsubsection
   
   Variables in the Text Block
   \layout Standard
   
   Once you've defined variables in the 
   \series bold 
   Script
   \series default 
   , you can use them in the 
   \series bold 
   Text Block
   \series default 
   .
    For example, using the previous three-line script we've created so far,
    you can place the following in the 
   \series bold 
   Text Block
   \series default 
   :
   \layout LyX-Code
   
   See the 3: $variable<br />
   \layout LyX-Code
   
   See the string: <b>$stringVar</b><br />
   \layout Standard
   
   \begin_float fig 
   \layout Standard
   \align center 
   
   \begin_inset Figure size 353 99
   file numericalResponseVarInText.eps
   flags 9
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Caption
   
   Result of Variables in the Text Block
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Result of Variables in the Text Block Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \end_float 
   If you save that and hit 
   \series bold 
   View
   \series default 
   , you should get what you see in figure 
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Result of Variables in the Text Block Figure}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   .
    Note how the 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   $variable
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    was turned into a 3, and the 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   $stringVar
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    was turned into 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   I have a variable with the value 3.
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Subsubsection
   
   Variables in the Answer Block
   \layout Standard
   
   You can use variables in the 
   \series bold 
   Answer
   \series default 
    part of the question, too.
    This means you can compute an answer to a question, which we'll see in
    a bit.
    If you set the answer of the question to be 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   $variable
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    (without the quotes), 
   \series bold 
   Save Changes
   \series default 
    and 
   \series bold 
   View
   \series default 
    it, you'll see that LON-CAPA is now expecting 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   3
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    as the answer, plus or minus 5%.
   \layout Subsection
   
   Calling Functions
   \layout Standard
   
   Now you've seen how to use variables and stuff, see how to call functions.
   \layout Subsubsection
   
   Randomization
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Randomization}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \layout Standard
   
   One of the most importent functions for LON-CAPA is the RANDOM function.
   \layout Subsection
   
   Dynamic, Randomized Problems: Putting It All Together
   \layout Standard
   
   placeholder
   \layout Subsection
   
   For More Information
   \layout Standard
   
   It's always a good idea to look at other people's LON-CAPA problems, especially
    those from the same discipline as your problems, and see what they are
    doing.
    
   \series bold 
   Very often, the easiest way to create a new problem is to copy it and modify
    the copy until it does what you need.
   
   \series default 
    The more complicated a problem is, the more time you'll save by doing this.
    Also, you may find new ideas you can use and elaborate in your problems.
   \layout Comment
   
   Is there UI for this? Check.
   \layout Standard
   
   The full power of the Perl is well outside the scope of this document.
    Without going into the same level of detail as the previous examples, here's
    some ideas to stimulate your imagination:
   \layout Itemize
   
   Variable text.
    
   \layout Itemize
   
   Perl has several other data structures which might be of use.
    You may wish to do one of the many simple Perl tutorials on the Web.
    I recommend searching Google for 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   perl tutorial
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
   .
   \layout Section
   
   Formula Response
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Formula Response}
   
   \end_inset 
   
   
   \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Formula Response}
   
   \end_inset 
   
    Problems
   \layout Section
   
   Additional Problem Components
   \layout Standard
   
   Using the 
   \begin_inset Quotes eld
   \end_inset 
   
   Insert
   \begin_inset Quotes erd
   \end_inset 
   
    menu that appears in many of the problem editors, a wide variety of different
    things can be added to the problems.
   \layout Section
   
   Things That Need To Be Added
 \layout Subsection  \layout Subsection
   
 Detailed number problem info  LON-CAPA and Units
 \layout Subsection  \layout Subsection
   
 Detailed formula problem info  Creating a default metadata file
 \layout Subsection  \layout Subsection
   
 My questions\SpecialChar \ldots{}  My questions\SpecialChar \ldots{}
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  Added in v.1.3

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