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-version 1.1, 2002/05/29 16:44:43
+version 1.7, 2002/06/14 20:28:52
  Line 6
  \end_preamble
  \language english
  \inputencoding auto
- \fontscheme newcent
+ \fontscheme default
  \graphics default
- \paperfontsize default
+ \paperfontsize 12
  \spacing single
  \papersize Default
  \paperpackage a4
  \use_geometry 1
  \use_amsmath 0
  \paperorientation portrait
- \leftmargin 0.5in
+ \leftmargin 1in
  \topmargin 1.25in
- \rightmargin 0.5in
+ \rightmargin 1in
- \bottommargin 0.5in
+ \bottommargin 1in
  \secnumdepth 3
  \tocdepth 3
  \paragraph_separation indent
  Line 27
  \quotes_times 2
  \papercolumns 1
  \papersides 1
- \paperpagestyle fancy
+ \paperpagestyle headings
  \layout Title
- Introduction to the Learning
+ Learning
  \emph on
  Online
  \emph default
   Network with CAPA
+ \newline
+ \emph on
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \newline
+ \size larger
+ Author's Tutorial And Manual
+ \layout Standard
+ \added_space_top vfill \align center
+ \SpecialChar ~
  \layout Standard
- \added_space_top vfill \pagebreak_bottom \align center
+ \align center
+ John Williamson, Felicia Berryman, Jeremy Bowers
+ \layout Standard
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \layout Standard
+ \pagebreak_bottom \align center
  Laboratory for Instructional Technology in Education
  \newline
  and the
- Line 60  Michigan State University
+ Line 80  Michigan State University
  Introduction to LON-CAPA
  \layout Comment
- This is a comment which will not show in any other rendering of this document.
+ This is a comment that will not show in any other rendering of this document.
   I will use them to document my observations as I work through this tutorial.
  \layout Comment
- Line 79  IMHO
+ Line 99  IMHO
  \layout Standard
  LON-CAPA is a web-based interface that helps to organize and present your
-  course website, deliver and manage problem problems, and manage student
+  course website, deliver and manage problems, and manage student enrollment.
-  enrollment.
+  All author functions are done through a web browser (Netscape 4.x or higher,
-  All author functions are done using a web browser (Netscape 4.x or higher
+  a recent Mozilla, or IE 5+ required).
-  is recommended) and the LON-CAPA Author Interface.
-  The URL for LON-CAPA is
- \family typewriter
- http://s10.lite.msu.edu
- \family default
- .
  \layout Standard
  At this time, you should have:
- Line 97  developed your objectives for your cours
+ Line 111  developed your objectives for your cours
  \layout Itemize
- developed your problems for testing and identified the question formats.
+ developed your problems for input into LON-CAPA and determined the appropriate
-  The Template for Mapping Website to LON-CAPA that you filled in will assist
+  question formats.
-  you in the process of creating your course website structure in LON-CAPA.
+ \layout Subsection
+ About This Manual
+ \layout Standard
+ Throughout this manual, keywords and phrases literally present on the computer
+  screen will be referred to in
+ \series bold
+ bold type
+ \series default
+ .
+  Function names and scripts will be shown in a
+ \family typewriter
+ typewriter font
+ \family default
+ .
+ \layout Standard
+ Much of this document can be used as a tutorial that will introduce you
+  to the authoring system.
+  In particular, chapters
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Author Interface}
+ \end_inset
+  through
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating a Course}
+ \end_inset
+  comprise a basic tutorial that can get you started using LON-CAPA, even
+  with no previous LON-CAPA experience.
  \layout Standard
- This tutorial describes how to use the various author functions available
+ For additional help, visit our FAQ at
-  in LON-CAPA.
+ \family typewriter
+ http://help.loncapa.org/
+ \family default
+ .
  \layout Section
  The LON-CAPA Author Interface
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Author Interface}
+ \end_inset
  \layout Subsection
  Login as Course Author
- Line 118  Login as Course Author
+ Line 171  Login as Course Author
  \layout Standard
  To begin using LON-CAPA, you first need to log in to your account on LON-CAPA.
-  Open your web browser and navigate to the LON-CAPA URL:
+  Open your web browser and navigate to your local LON-CAPA URL.
- \family typewriter
- http://s10.lite.msu.edu/
- \family default
-  .
   You will be presented with a log in screen as in figure
  \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{LON-CAPA Log in screen}
- Line 131  http://s10.lite.msu.edu/
+ Line 180  http://s10.lite.msu.edu/
  .
  \begin_float fig
- \layout Caption
- \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{LON-CAPA Log in screen}
- \end_inset
- LON-CAPA Log in screen
  \layout Standard
  \align center
- Line 150  flags 11
+ Line 191  flags 11
  \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{LON-CAPA Log in screen}
+ \end_inset
+ LON-CAPA Log in screen
  \end_float
  \layout Standard
- Line 158  Fill in the Username and Password boxes
+ Line 207  Fill in the Username and Password boxes
   This will take you to your LON-CAPA User Roles menu.
  \layout Description
- Note: Your Username is your PILOT ID, which is the part of your PILOT email
+ Note: Your Username and Password will be given to you by your system administrat
-  address to the left of the @.
+ or.
-  Your password is your PILOT email password.
+  Both are case sensitive, so make sure you type them with the correct case.
-  Both the PILOT ID and the password are case sensitive, so make sure you
-  type upper- and lower-case letters correctly.
  \layout Subsection
- Line 197  remote control
+ Line 244  remote control
   complexity of modern remotes, for three major reasons: One, they never,
   ever, ever change.
   Two, they provide immense amounts of tactile feedback, allowing one to
-  overcome the complexity of using one by putting the knowlege into motor
+  overcome the complexity of using one by putting the knowledge into motor
   memory.
   (There are equivalent usability principles in usability, as well; look
   up Fitt's Law, for instance.) Three, they all basically do the same thing;
- Line 228  menu
+ Line 275  menu
   remote control space.
  \layout Comment
- In fact, the metaphor is so unsuccessful that any moderately savvy internet
+ In fact, the metaphor is so unsuccessful that any moderately savvy Internet
   user will almost immediately come to conceptualize the remote as just another
-  list of links, albiet a clumsy and inconvenient one.
+  list of links, albeit a clumsy and inconvenient one.
   Why not give them that in the first place?
  \layout Comment
- Line 260  remote
+ Line 307  remote
  \layout Comment
 .
-  By commiting to this
+  By committing to this
  \begin_inset Quotes eld
  \end_inset
- Line 269  remote control
+ Line 316  remote control
  \end_inset
   layout, you commit to a remote control's layout limitations, except that
-  an actual remote control can get away with a 6pt or smaller font, or wierd
+  an actual remote control can get away with a 6pt or smaller font, or weird
   specialized symbols, or whatnot.
   I'm looking at a (real) remote control right now that manages to get
  \begin_inset Quotes eld
- Line 288  ROLES
+ Line 335  ROLES
  \begin_inset Quotes erd
  \end_inset
-  button takes up on my printout! So in actuality, you're commiting to something
+  button takes up on my printout! So in actuality, you're committing to something
   no sane remote control designer could deal with.
-  Moreover, I observe that on a real remote, the vast majority of buttons
-  are labelled with one conceptual entity (i.e.,
- \begin_inset Quotes eld
- \end_inset
- \begin_inset Quotes erd
- \end_inset
- ,
- \begin_inset Quotes eld
- \end_inset
- \begin_inset Quotes erd
- \end_inset
- ,
- \begin_inset Quotes eld
- \end_inset
- FF
- \begin_inset Quotes erd
- \end_inset
- ,
- \begin_inset Quotes eld
- \end_inset
- [the pause symbol]
- \begin_inset Quotes erd
- \end_inset
- , etc)., not
- \begin_inset Quotes eld
- \end_inset
- Change User
- \begin_inset Quotes erd
- \end_inset
-  which is two entities by my count, at least for an initial user.
  \layout Comment
  \SpecialChar ~
- Line 354  Change User
+ Line 359  Change User
  The upshot is that the only upside to the remote control is a moderately
   pleasing graphic; the downsides are pretty much everything, up to and including
-  possible illegality under accessability laws.
+  possible illegality under accessibility laws.
   Unfortunately, I do not see any way to salvage any aspect of the remote
   control; it's going to suck until it's replaced.
   Pleasing graphics are relatively easy to come by nowadays; it should not
- Line 367  The upshot is that the only upside to th
+ Line 372  The upshot is that the only upside to th
  \layout Comment
- Also, based on my relatively little info, I think you're data-mining the
+ We're data-mining the web logs to see what people actually use.
-  web logs to see what people actually use.
   This is good.
   We may need to do some really simple stuff before he finishes.
   Raw statistics on what buttons are pressed most often can probably be interpret
- Line 388  The Author Remote Control, show in figur
+ Line 392  The Author Remote Control, show in figur
  , will automatically load whenever you log in to LON-CAPA as the course
   instructor.
-  The Author Remote Control is a separate window in your browser, so you
+  The Author Remote Control is a separate window in your browser, and is
-  may position it on the screen where you can make the best use of it.
+  automatically sized and placed in the upper left of the screen.
   The Remote Control is a tool that allows you to switch between functions
   and roles within LON-CAPA.
  \begin_float fig
- \layout Caption
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
- Author Remote Control
+ \begin_inset Figure size 180 420
- \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Author Remote Control Figure}
+ file authorRemote.eps
+ height 3 50
+ flags 9
  \end_inset
- \layout Standard
+ \layout Caption
- \begin_inset Figure size 164 387
+ Author Remote Control
- file authorRemote.eps
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Author Remote Control Figure}
- flags 8
  \end_inset
  \end_float
+ \layout Comment
  Of the eight choices on this menu, only two (ROLES and LOGOUT) make *any*
   sort of sense on a first glance.
   Abbreviations are evil in this sort of application and should be used as
- Line 459  RES (RESOURCE SPACE)
+ Line 467  RES (RESOURCE SPACE)
  \series bold
- EGRD (ENTER GRADES)
+ SRC (SEARCH LIBRARY)
  \series default
-  is used to enter grades for students enrolled in your course.
+  brings up a screen that lets you search the LON-CAPA resources using multiple
+  criteria.
  \layout Itemize
  \series bold
- SRC (SEARCH LIBRARY)
+ PREF (PREFERENCES)
  \series default
-  brings up a screen that lets you search the LON-CAPA resources using multiple
+  brings up a screen that allows you to change some preferences.
-  criteria.
  \layout Itemize
  \series bold
- LOGOUT (LOGOUT)
+ EXIT (LOGOUT)
  \series default
   will log you out of the LON-CAPA system.
  \layout Section
- Line 499  Content Page
+ Line 507  Content Page
  \end_inset
   displays course content.
-  It is mostly a conventional HTML page.
+  It is essentially a conventional HTML page.
+  These resources use the extension
- \layout Comment
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
- Check this; is it exactly like HTML pages?
+ .html
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
  \layout Itemize
  A
- Line 530  Problem
+ Line 543  Problem
  A
  \series bold
- Map
+ Sequence
  \series default
- \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Map}
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Sequence}
  \end_inset
-  resource of the
+  is a type of
  \series bold
- Sequence
+ Map
- \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Sequence}
+ \series default
- \end_inset
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Map}
+ \end_inset
- \series default
+  which is used to link other resources together.
-  type represents a programmed series of events.
+  The users of this resource can use directional buttons on their remote
-  The users of this resource can use array keys or NAV buttons to follow
+  or the NAV button to follow the sequence.
-  the sequence.
+  Sequences are stored in files that must use the extension
-  These resources are stored in files that must use the extension
  \begin_inset Quotes eld
  \end_inset
- Line 558  Sequence
+ Line 571  Sequence
  \end_inset
  .
- \layout Comment
+  Sequences can contain other sequences and pages.
- What
- \begin_inset Quotes eld
- \end_inset
- arrow keys
- \begin_inset Quotes erd
- \end_inset
- ? Surely not the ones on the keyboard\SpecialChar \ldots{}
  \layout Itemize
  A
  \series bold
- Map
+ Page
  \series default
- \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Map}
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Page}
  \end_inset
-  resource of the
+  is a type of
  \series bold
- Page
+ Map
- \series default
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Map}
- \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Page}
  \end_inset
-  type display multiple resources together.
+ \series default
+  which is used to join other resources together into one HTML page.
   For example, a page of problems will appears as a problem set.
   These resources are stored in files that must use the extension
  \begin_inset Quotes eld
- Line 607  Description of the Construction Space
+ Line 609  Description of the Construction Space
  \layout Standard
  \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 42
+ file constructionSpace.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
  \layout Caption
  Construction Space
- Line 615  Construction Space
+ Line 628  Construction Space
  \end_inset
- \end_float
+ \layout Standard
- The Construction Space, as seen in figure
- \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Construction Space Figure}
- \end_inset
- , is the section of LON-CAPA where you create and manage your course resources.
+ Contents of the Construction Space:
-  The Construction Space consists of a green tool bar at the top of the page
-  and a list of all directories and resources below.
  \layout Standard
  \begin_inset  Tabular
  <lyxtabular version="2" rows="10" columns="2">
- <features rotate="false" islongtable="true" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
+ <features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
  <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
  <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="5in" special="">
  <row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
- Line 668  Publish this Resource
+ Line 675  Publish this Resource
  \layout Standard
- Publishes the current resource.
+ Opens the Resource Publishing window.
-  This presents a publishing window where you can provide information for
-  metadata, keywords, language, etc.
  \end_inset
  </cell>
  </row>
- Line 724  Browse
+ Line 729  Browse
  \layout Standard
- Opens a file/directory browser for your local computer.
+ Helps you select a file to upload
-  Use this to select a file to upload.
  \end_inset
  </cell>
  </row>
- Line 824  Type a name in the entry box to create a
+ Line 828  Type a name in the entry box to create a
  \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ The Construction Space, as seen in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Construction Space Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ , is the section of LON-CAPA where you create and manage your course resources.
+  The figure explains what each button does.
  \layout Subsection
  How to Create New Content Pages
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Creating New Content Pages}
+ \end_inset
  \layout Standard
- Line 834  How to Create New Content Pages
+ Line 851  How to Create New Content Pages
  Content Pages
  \series default
   are HTML documents that display the course information you are presenting.
-  These documents can be created in any order.
- \layout Comment
+ \layout Standard
- Is this worth mentioning?
+ Many users use tools such as Dreamweaver to create web pages.
+  To upload HTML files generated with such tools, you can use the
+ \series bold
+ Browse
+ \series default
+  button in the Construction Space, locate your HTML file, and use the
+ \series bold
+ Upload File
+ \series default
+  button to create a content page in LON-CAPA.
+  Remember to upload any graphics your generated web pages may have included.
  \layout Standard
  To create new Content Pages, do the following:
- \layout Comment
- Is step one necessary? I don't see how it could be.
  \layout Enumerate
  Click the
- Line 851  Click the
+ Line 875  Click the
  CSTR
  \series default
   button on the LON-CAPA remote.
-  You web page will change to your Construction Space.
+  Your web page will change to your Construction Space.
  \layout Enumerate
- In Location bar of your browser, type in full URL of the new Content Page.
+ In the Location bar of your browser, type in the full URL of the new Content
+  Page.
   Make sure the last part of the URL ends with
  \begin_inset Quotes eld
  \end_inset
- Line 864  In Location bar of your browser, type in
+ Line 889  In Location bar of your browser, type in
  \end_inset
  , for example,
+ \newline
  \emph on
- http://www.s10.lite.msu.edu/priv/directory/new_resource.html
+ http://www.s10.lite.msu.edu/priv/username/new_resource.html
  \emph default
- .
+  .
-  Press the Return or Enter key.
+ \newline
- \layout Enumerate
+ Press the Return or Enter key.
- You should see something like the following message:
- \series bold
- File not found: /home/wmsonj/priv/directory/new_resource.html
- \series default
- , and an Edit button.
-  An HTML editor opens with a simple page template.
  \layout Enumerate
  Type the content into the editor,
- \series bold
+ \emph on
  OR
- \series default
+ \emph default
-  copy and paste HTML source code into the editor.
+  copy and paste HTML source code obtained through the use of some other
+  HTML authoring program into the editor.
  \layout Enumerate
  Optionally, click the
- Line 898  Finally, click the
+ Line 919  Finally, click the
  Save this
  \series default
   button
- \series bold
+ \emph on
  OR
- \series default
+ \emph default
   click the
  \series bold
  Save and then attempt to clean HTML
- Line 909  Save and then attempt to clean HTML
+ Line 930  Save and then attempt to clean HTML
  \layout Standard
  Repeat this process as many times as necessary to create your Content Pages.
+ \layout Standard
+ If you're following this as a tutorial, create at least one content page,
+  which we'll use later as raw material.
+ \begin_float footnote
+ \layout Standard
+ Visit the FAQ at
+ \family typewriter
+ http://help.lon-capa.org/
+ \family default
+  if you get
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ unmatched tag
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  warnings.
+ \end_float
  \layout Subsection
  How to Edit Existing Content Pages
  \layout Standard
- You may edit any any Content Pages that have been created.
+ You may edit any Content Pages that have been created.
  \layout Standard
  To edit Content Pages:
- Line 933  Click on the link for the name of the Co
+ Line 976  Click on the link for the name of the Co
   Content Page.
  \layout Enumerate
- Press the Edit button.
+ Press the
-  Edit the HTML code, or copy and paste HTML source code into the editor.
- \layout Enumerate
- Optionally, click the
  \series bold
- View
+ Edit
  \series default
-  button to preview your Content Page.
+  button.
+  Edit the HTML code, or copy and paste HTML source code into the editor.
  \layout Enumerate
  Finally, click the
- Line 949  Finally, click the
+ Line 989  Finally, click the
  Save this
  \series default
   button
- \series bold
+ \emph on
  OR
- \series default
+ \emph default
   click the
  \series bold
  Save and then attempt to clean HTML
  \series default
   button.
   If you do not do this, your work will not be saved.
+ \layout Standard
+ Once you've saved your page, you can click the
+ \series bold
+ View
+ \series default
+  button to preview your Content Page.
  \layout Subsection
  Creating Online Problems Using LON-CAPA
+ \layout Standard
+ If you're following this as a tutorial, go ahead and make one of each of
+  these problem types now.
+  We'll be using them later as raw material to assemble maps and sequences.
+ \layout Standard
+ While several problem types are listed here, in LON-CAPA, all problems are
+  actually the same.
+  All problems are written in XML, which can be obtained and edited with
+  the
+ \series bold
+ EditXML
+ \series default
+  button you'll see.
+  The problem types listed in this manual are actually just templates.
+  As your knowledge advances, you may wish to play with the XML representation
+  directly to see what you can do.
  \layout Subsubsection
  Problems Types
  \layout Standard
- There are five types of problems that can be created with the LON-CAPA system:
+ In this manual we will cover five basic types of problems: Radio Response,
-  Radio Response, Option Response, String Response, Numerical Response, and
+  Option Response, String Response, Numerical Response, and Formula Response.
-  Formula Response.
   You will need to identify which types of problem you want to use and create
   appropriate questions for your course.
+ \layout Standard
+ The problem editor gives you a testing area where you can try your problems
+  out, with several different randomizations by varying the
+ \series bold
+ Random Seed
+ \series default
+ .
+  If you answer a problem correctly and can no longer enter new answers,
+  you can get the answer field back by hitting the
+ \series bold
+ Reset Submissions
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Reset Submissions}
+ \end_inset
+ \series default
+  button.
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Foils
+ \layout Standard
+ In the LON-CAPA system, a
+ \series bold
+ Foil
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Foil}
+ \end_inset
+ \series default
+  is the statement after the drop-down box or radio button in a Radio Response
+  or Option Response problem.
+  Foils do not need to be text; they can be images or other resources.
  \layout Subsubsection
  Radio Response
- Line 981  Radio Response
+ Line 1081  Radio Response
   Problems
  \layout Standard
- Radio Response problems represent multiple choice questions.
- \layout Standard
- True/False problems present the student with one question that can be answered
+ \series bold
-  true or false.
+ Radio Response
- \layout Standard
+ \series default
+  problems present a list of foils, with buttons in front.
+  The student can select
+ \emph on
+ one
+ \emph default
+  of these statements by clicking the appropriate radio button.
+ \layout Subsubsection
- Multiple choice problems are created almost identically to True/False problems.
+ Option Response
-  Multiple choice problems contain 3-10 foils.
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Option Response}
-  You may display 3-5 foils for each problem and the system randomly picks
-  the choices that are presented to the student.
- \layout Standard
- Option Response Problems
+ \end_inset
- \layout Standard
- Option Response problems present foils to the student with drop-down boxes.
+  Problems
-  Option response questions may be presented as a collection of True/False
-  type questions or as a matching type question.
-  The student must choose the correct answer for each part of the question.
  \layout Standard
+ \series bold
+ Option Response
+ \series default
+  problems present foils to the student with drop-down boxes.
+  The student can select the matching choice for the foils from a list of
+  choices.
+  Optionally, the foils may be bundled into Concept Groups, and the system
+  will select one foil from each displayed group to display to the student.
+  For more details, see Create Option Response in section
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Create Option Response Problem}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Subsubsection
  String Response Problems
  \layout Standard
- String Response problems are problems in which the student submits a string
-  of characters for the answer.
+ \series bold
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{String Response}
+ \end_inset
+ String Response
+ \series default
+  problems are problems in which the student submits a string of characters
+  for the answer.
   Examples of string response questions are vocabulary tests, short answer
   and entering chemical formulas.
  \layout Standard
+ Note that it is easy to abuse String Response problems.
+  For instance, consider the question
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ Who wrote 'Huckleberry Finn'?
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  If you tell the system the answer is
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ Mark Twain
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , and a student answers
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ Twain
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , the system will mark it wrong.
+  If they answer
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ Samuel Clements
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , then the student will definitely get it wrong.
+  There is some room for flexibility in the string processing, but it can
+  be difficult to get it all right.
+  Before you use a String Response problem, be sure you can easily characterize
+  correct answers.
+ \layout Subsubsection
  Numerical Response Problems
  \layout Standard
- Numerical Response problems are answered by entering a number and (optionally)
-  a unit, such as 2.5 m/s^2.
+ \series bold
-  Tolerance and significant digits can be specified as well.
+ Numerical Response
- \layout Standard
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Numerical Response}
+ \end_inset
+ \series default
+  problems are answered by entering a number and (optionally) a unit, such
+  as 2.5 m/s^2.
+  Tolerance and required significant digits can be specified as well.
+ \layout Subsubsection
  Formula Response Problems
  \layout Standard
- Formula Response problems are questions in which the student types in a
-  math formula for the answer.
+ \series bold
-  If the answer is "x^2 - 11", the student can enter "x^2 - 11", "x*x - 11",
+ Formula Response
-  "x^2 + 21 - 10", etc.
+ \series default
+  problems ask the student to type in a math formula for the answer.
+  If the answer is
+ \begin_inset Formula \( x^{2}-11 \)
+ \end_inset
+ , the student can enter "x^2 - 11", "x*x - 11", "x^2 + 21 - 10", etc.
   Functions such as cos, sin, and exp are accepted as well as the operators
   (), +, -, *, and /.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Creating Radio Response Problems
+ \layout Standard
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 202
+ file creatingNewProblemResource.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 13
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Creating A New Problem Resource
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Creating a new problem resource}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ To create a Radio Response
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Radio Response}
+ \end_inset
+  problem, create a new resource as described in section
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating New Content Pages}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  This is a
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ problem
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  resource so the URL must end in
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ .problem
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  You should see a screen as in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating a new problem resource}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 283
+ file radioResponse2.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Radio Response Creation Form
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Radio Response Creation Form}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+  You will need to specify the question text and foil statements.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ In the drop-down option box as seen in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating a new problem resource}
+ \end_inset
+ , select
+ \series bold
+ Radio Response Problem
+ \series default
+ , and click the
+ \series bold
+ New Problem
+ \series default
+  button.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Click the
+ \series bold
+ Edit
+ \series default
+  button above the sample problem to enter edit mode.
+  You should see an editing screen like figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Radio Response Creation Form}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Enumerate
+ In the
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+  at the top of the problem, remove the sample text and type the question
+  for your problem.
+  For example,
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ What is two plus two?
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Locate the
+ \series bold
+ Response: One of N statements
+ \series default
+  element.
+  In the
+ \series bold
+ Max Number of Shown Foils
+ \series default
+  text box, place the number of foils you wish to display to the student.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Locate
+ \series bold
+ Foil 1
+ \series default
+ .
+  Remove the text that is in the text box and put the
+ \emph on
+ correct answer
+ \emph default
+  for the problem in the
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+ .
+  For example,
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ Four.
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  Make sure this is set to
+ \series bold
+ true
+ \series default
+  in the
+ \series bold
+ Correct Option
+ \series default
+  field.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Below it, you will see
+ \series bold
+ Foil 2
+ \series default
+ .
+  Remove the text in the text box and put an
+ \emph on
+ incorrect answer
+ \emph default
+  for the problem.
+  For instance,
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ Purple.
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  Make sure this is set to
+ \series bold
+ false
+ \series default
+  in the
+ \series bold
+ Correct Option
+ \series default
+  field.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Repeat the previous step until you've filled in all of the other incorrect
+  answers you wish to offer the students.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Once you've filled in all the incorrect answers, change the
+ \series bold
+ Correct Option
+ \series default
+ s on the other foils to
+ \series bold
+ Unused
+ \series default
+ .
+ \layout Enumerate
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 92
+ file radioResponseHint.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Hint Element
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Radio Response Hint Element Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ Scroll down to the Hint element, as shown in Figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Radio Response Hint Element Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  Type some text that will help students when they answer incorrectly.
+  You may delete the hint by selecting
+ \series bold
+ Yes
+ \series default
+  from the
+ \series bold
+ Delete
+ \series default
+  drop-down box.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Click the
+ \series bold
+ Submit Changes
+ \series default
+  button located at the top of the frame.
+  If you do not do this, none of your changes will be saved.
+ \layout Standard
+ The
+ \series bold
+ Correct Option
+ \series default
+  drop down box controls whether or not a given answer will be accepted as
+  a correct answer.
+  If it is set to
+ \series bold
+ true
+ \series default
+ , that answer will be considered a correct answer.
+  Any number of foils can be marked
+ \series bold
+ true
+ \series default
+ , but only one will be shown to any given student.
+  If it is set to
+ \series bold
+ false
+ \series default
+ , it will be considered an incorrect answer.
+  If it is set to
+ \series bold
+ Unused
+ \series default
+ , the system will not use that foil.
+ \layout Paragraph
+ Randomization
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Randomization}
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Standard
+ LON-CAPA will randomize what choices are presented to each student, and
+  randomize the order they are presented in.
+  If you wish to present each student the same choices, make sure the
+ \series bold
+ Maximum Number of Shown Foils
+ \series default
+  box contains the number of incorrect answers, which will force them to
+  all be displayed.
+  If you wish to force the system to display the foils in the order you have
+  created them in, type the tag
+ \series bold
+ <norandom />
+ \series default
+  into your problem text.
+  This can be useful with the ever-popular
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ All of the above
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  choice, which must be displayed in the correct place or its meaning will
+  change.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Option Response
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Option Response}
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Create Option Response Problem}
+ \end_inset
+  Problems
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Option Response problems with Concept Groups
+ \layout Standard
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 134
+ file optionResponseProblem.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Option Response Problem
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Option Response Problem Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ Each Option Response problem can have three parts:
+ \layout Enumerate
+ The Concept Groups
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Concept Groups}
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Enumerate
+ The options for the students to select, by default
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ True
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  and
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ False
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Enumerate
+ The hint for the student
+ \layout Standard
+ Each
+ \series bold
+ Concept Group
+ \series default
+  has some number of foils representing questions which are conceptually
+  related.
+  Option Response Problem Templates are available for 4 and 8 Concept Groups.
+  When the Option Response problem is presented to a student, the LON-CAPA
+  system will randomly select one foil from each Concept Group and present
+  it to the student.
+  In order to receive credit for the problem, the student must select the
+  corresponding option from the drop-down box for each given foil.
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Example: Concept Group
+ \layout Standard
+ For example, a Concept Group may contain the following True/False questions:
+ \layout Itemize
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ Mark Twain
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  is the pen name of Samuel Clemens.
+ \layout Itemize
+ Mark Twain wrote
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ The Call of the Wild
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Itemize
+ Mark Twain wrote
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ Huckleberry Finn
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Itemize
+ Mark Twain spent most of his life in the Congo.
+ \layout Standard
+ For each foil, the author marks it True or False.
+  When the student logs on and attempts to answer this question, the student
+  will see only one of the four choices for that concept group.
+  They then go on to do the remaining three to seven Concept Groups in this
+  question before submitting their answer.
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Example: Matching Problem
+ \layout Standard
+ Option Response problems can be used as matching problems as well.
+ \layout Standard
+ For example, you might want to ask the student to match musical compositions
+  with their composers.
+  You could create an Option Response problem with 4 Concept Groups, and
+  place the following four foil groups each in its own concept group:
+ \layout Itemize
+ Claire de Lune
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Clair de Lune}
+ \end_inset
+ , Ballade
+ \begin_float footnote
+ \layout Standard
+ Debussy.
+ \end_float
+ \layout Itemize
+ The Pastoral Symphony, The Ninth Symphony
+ \begin_float footnote
+ \layout Standard
+ Beethoven.
+ \end_float
+ \layout Itemize
+ Sleeping Beauty Suite, The Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairies
+ \begin_float footnote
+ \layout Standard
+ Tchaikovsky.
+ \end_float
+ \layout Itemize
+ Slavonic Dances, New World Symphony
+ \begin_float footnote
+ \layout Standard
+ Dvorak.
+ \end_float
+ \layout Standard
+ You could then add the following options to the option list:
+ \layout Itemize
+ Debussy
+ \layout Itemize
+ Beethoven
+ \layout Itemize
+ Schubert
+ \layout Itemize
+ Tchaikovsky
+ \layout Itemize
+ Dvorak
+ \layout Standard
+ The same answers can be used more then once, or not at all, as you see fit.
+  It is conventional to place such a warning in the
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+  describing the problem to the students.
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Creating Option Response Problems
+ \layout Standard
+ To create an Option Response problem, create a new resource as described
+  in section
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating New Content Pages}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  This is a
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ problem
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  resource so the URL must end in
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ .problem
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  You should see a screen as in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating a new problem resource}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Enumerate
+ In the drop-down option box as seen in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating a new problem resource}
+ \end_inset
+ , select
+ \series bold
+ Option Response Problem with
+ \emph on
+ N
+ \emph default
+  Concept Groups
+ \series default
+ , where
+ \series bold
+ \emph on
+ N
+ \series default
+ \emph default
+  is the number of Concept Groups you wish the problem to have, and click
+  the
+ \series bold
+ New Problem
+ \series default
+  button.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Click the
+ \series bold
+ Edit
+ \series default
+  button above the sample problem to enter edit mode.
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 276
+ file optionResponseEditing.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Option Response Editor
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Option Response Editor Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+  You should see the Option Response page open up, which should look something
+  like what you see in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Option Response Editor Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Replace the text in the
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+  with text that explains the conditions for your problem.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Locate the
+ \series bold
+ Max Number of Shown Foils
+ \series default
+  element and type a number from 1 to 8 to display that number of questions.
+  You cannot display more than one foil from each concept group, so this
+  option will only reduce the number of foils displayed, if it is less than
+  the number of concept groups in your Option Response problem.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Now you must define the options the students can select.
+  For each option you wish to add to the Option Response question, type the
+  option into the
+ \series bold
+ Add new Option
+ \series default
+  box in the
+ \series bold
+ Select Options
+ \series default
+  section, then hit the
+ \series bold
+ Save Changes
+ \series default
+  button.
+  If you do not hit the
+ \series bold
+ Save Changes
+ \series default
+  button, your option will not be selectable below.
+  (You will delete unwanted options in the last step.)
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Now, you need to define the question foils.
+  Look for the foil with the name
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ One
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  Type the question into the text box, and select the correct option for
+  that question from the
+ \series bold
+ Correct Option
+ \series default
+  drop-down menu.
+  Click
+ \series bold
+ Submit Changes
+ \series default
+  to save this question foil.
+  Repeat this step for all remaining foils.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Locate the foils that are not being used.
+  In their
+ \series bold
+ Delete
+ \series default
+  menus, set the value to
+ \series bold
+ Yes
+ \series default
+ .
+  Once you've set the Delete menu value correctly for all the foils, click
+  the
+ \series bold
+ Save Changes
+ \series default
+  button.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ In the Hint area, provide a helpful hint for users who get the problem incorrect
+ , and click the
+ \series bold
+ Save Changes
+ \series default
+  button.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Make sure all the options you want to delete are not used for any of your
+  foils
+ \begin_float footnote
+ \layout Standard
+ If a deleted option is used in a foil, it will appear in a text box in the
+ \series bold
+ Correct Option
+ \series default
+  area for that foil.
+  To make the drop-down box reappear, type an option already defined in the
+ \series bold
+ Select Options
+ \series default
+  field, and hit
+ \series bold
+ Submit Changes
+ \series default
+ .
+  A drop-down box will reappear.
+ \end_float
+ .
+  To delete the irrelevant options from the Option Response question, select
+  that option from the
+ \series bold
+ Delete an Option
+ \series default
+  drop down, and hit the
+ \series bold
+ Save Changes
+ \series default
+  button.
+  Do that for each option you wish to remove.
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Simple Option Response: No Concept Groups
+ \layout Standard
+ If you select
+ \series bold
+ Simple Option Response
+ \series default
+  from the drop-down box, you get a template that will allow you to enter
+  up to eight foils with no grouping.
+  The system will randomly mix these foils when presenting them to the student.
+  You can have more foils then the
+ \series bold
+ Max Num of Shown Foils
+ \series default
+  so that each student will not have the identical foils.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Creating a String Response Problem
+ \layout Standard
+ To create a String Response problem, create a new resource as described
+  in section
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating New Content Pages}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  This is a
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ problem
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  resource so the URL must end in
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ .problem
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  You should see a screen as in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating a new problem resource}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Enumerate
+ In the drop-down option box as seen in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating a new problem resource}
+ \end_inset
+ , select
+ \series bold
+  String Response Problem
+ \series default
+ , and click the
+ \series bold
+ New Problem
+ \series default
+  button.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Click the
+ \series bold
+ Edit
+ \series default
+  button above the sample problem to enter edit mode.
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 320
+ file stringResponseEditor.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ String Response Editor
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{String Response Editor Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+  You should see the String Response editor page open up, which should look
+  something like what you see in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{String Response Editor Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Clear the text from the
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+  at the top of the problem, and type in your problem.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ In the
+ \series bold
+ Answer Box
+ \series default
+ , type the correct answer.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Select the answer condition from the drop-down.
+  There are three cases to choose from:
+ \begin_deeper
+ \layout Enumerate
+ \series bold
+ cs
+ \series default
+ : This means
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ Case Sensitive
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  For example, this is useful in chemistry, where HO and Ho are completely
+  different answers
+ \begin_float footnote
+ \end_deeper
+ \layout Standard
+ \series bold
+ HO
+ \series default
+  is hydrogen monoxide, a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas.
+ \series bold
+ Ho
+ \series default
+  is the element 67, Holmium, in the Lanthanides.
+ \end_float
+ .
+  The student must match the case of the answer.
+ \begin_deeper
+ \layout Enumerate
+ \series bold
+ ci
+ \series default
+ : This means
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ Case Insensitive
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  The system does not use the case of the letters to determine the correctness
+  of the answer.
+  If the correct answer is
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ car
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , the system will accept
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ car
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ ,
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ CAR
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ ,
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ Car
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ ,
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ caR
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , etc.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ \series bold
+ mc
+ \series default
+ : This means
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ Multiple Choice
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  The student's answers must contain the same letters as the question author's,
+  but order is unimportant.
+  This is usually used to give a multiple choice question in the question's
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+ , which may have several correct parts.
+  If the author sets the correct answer as
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ bcg
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , the system will accept
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ bcg
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ ,
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ cbg
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ ,
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ gcb
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , etc., but not
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ bc
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  or
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ abcg
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Standard
+ It is conventional to inform the students if the problem is case sensitive,
+  or that the order of the answers doesn't matter.
+ \end_deeper
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Optionally, locate the
+ \series bold
+ Single Line Text Entry Area
+ \series default
+  block and set a length in the Size box.
+  This will only affect the size of the box on the screen; if you set the
+  box size to 2, the student can still enter 3 or more letters in their answer.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Scroll down to the
+ \series bold
+ Hint
+ \series default
+  element, and type some text that will help students when they answer incorrectl
+ y, or delete the hint by setting the
+ \series bold
+ Delete
+ \series default
+  field to
+ \series bold
+ Yes
+ \series default
+ .
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Click the
+ \series bold
+ Submit Changes
+ \series default
+  button.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Creating Numerical Response And Formula Response Problems
+ \layout Standard
+ Numerical Response problems are answered by entering a number and an optional
+  unit.
+  For instance, a numerical response problem might have an answer of
+ \begin_inset Formula \( 2m/s^{2} \)
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  Formula Response problems are answered by entering a mathematical formula.
+  For instance, a numerical response problem might have an answer of
+ \begin_inset Formula \( x^{2}+11 \)
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  The answer may be in any equivalent format.
+  For instance, for
+ \begin_inset Formula \( x^{2}+11 \)
+ \end_inset
+ , the system will also accept
+ \begin_inset Formula \( x*x+11 \)
+ \end_inset
+  or
+ \begin_inset Formula \( x^{2}+21-10 \)
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Standard
+ Creating Numerical Response and Formula Response problems starts the same
+  as the other problem types, but because of the power of Numerical Response
+  and Formula Response problems, they are covered in their own section after
+  the end of the tutorial.
+  For more information about these problem types, please see section
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Numerical Response}
+ \end_inset
+  for Numerical Response problems and section
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Formula Response}
+ \end_inset
+  for Formula Response problems.
  \layout Section
- Appendix A: Student Interface
+ Publishing Your Resources
+ \layout Standard
+ In order to make the content you've created available for use in courses,
+  you must publish your content.
+  LON-CAPA provides an easy interface for publishing your content pages,
+  problem resources, and sequences.
+  You can specify title, author information, keywords, and other metadata.
+  LON-CAPA uses this metadata for many things, and it's important to fill
+  the metadata out as accurately as possible.
+ \layout Subsection
+ What is Metadata?
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Metadata}
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{What Is Metadata?}
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Standard
+ \emph on
+ Metadata
+ \emph default
+  is
+ \emph on
+ data about data
+ \emph default
+ .
+  Metadata can often be thought of as a label on some bit of information
+  that can be useful to people or computer programs trying to use the data.
+  Without metadata, the person or computer trying to use the original information
+  would have to just guess what the original data is about.
+  For instance, if you create a problem and neglect to say in the title or
+  subject of the problem what it is about, then a human who wants to use
+  that problem would have to read the problem itself to see what it was about,
+  which is much more difficult than just reading a title.
+  A computer trying to do the same thing would just be out of luck; it is
+  too stupid to understand the problem statement at all.
+ \layout Standard
+ One example of metadata is the <title> of a web page, which usually shows
+  up in the title bar of the browser.
+  That's information about the web page itself, not actually part of the
+  web page.
+  People use the title information when they bookmark a page, so they know
+  what the page is.
+  Search engines use it as a clue about the content of the web page.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Publishing A Resource
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Resource, Publishing}
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Publishing Resource}
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Standard
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 168
+ file constructionSpaceForPublishing.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Construction Space for Publishing
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Construction Space for Publishing Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ To publish a resource, log in and choose your role to be an Author.
+  Then click
+ \series bold
+ CSTR
+ \series default
+  to go to your construction space.
+  You should see something like figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Construction Space for Publishing Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  Click on the
+ \series bold
+ Publish
+ \series default
+  button for the resource you wish to publish.
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 338
+ file publishMetadata.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Publishing Metadata Screen
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Publishing Metadata Screen Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+  You'll get a metadata screen that should look something like figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Publishing Metadata Screen Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  Fill out the form.
+  If you are creating resources that may be used in several courses, you
+  should talk with the other authors and establish some sort of standard
+  title and subject scheme in advance.
+ \layout Standard
+ The
+ \series bold
+ Language
+ \series default
+  is the language the problem is written in.
+  The
+ \series bold
+ Publisher/Owner
+ \series default
+  is the LON-CAPA user who owns the problem.
+ \layout Standard
+ The
+ \series bold
+ Keywords
+ \series default
+  and the
+ \series bold
+ Abstract
+ \series default
+  are more information about the problem.
+  The
+ \series bold
+ Keywords
+ \series default
+  are words that are strongly connected to your problem; for instance a physics
+  problem about a pulley might include
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ pulley
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  as a key word.
+  LON-CAPA pulls out words used in the text of the resource for you so you
+  can just click on their check boxes to make them keywords.
+ \series bold
+ Additional keywords
+ \series default
+  allows you to add any keyword to your problem that are not actually in
+  the problem.
+  For instance, on that same problem a physicist might add the keyword
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ statics
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , even though it doesn't appear in the original problem, because Physics
+  uses that as a classification of problem type.
+ \series bold
+ Additional Keywords
+ \series default
+  are also useful when publishing graphics.
+ \layout Standard
+ Finally, you need to set the copyright and distribution permissions in the
+ \series bold
+ COPYRIGHT/DISTRIBUTION
+ \series default
+  drop-down.
+  This setting controls who is allowed to use your resource as follows:
+ \layout Comment
+ Is this right?
+ \layout Itemize
+ \series bold
+ Limited to courses in the domain published
+ \series default
+  means that only courses running in the same domain as you can use your
+  content.
+  Talk to your LON-CAPA administrator if you want more information about
+  your domain.
+ \layout Itemize
+ \series bold
+ Free
+ \series default
+  means that anyone can find and use the resource.
+ \layout Itemize
+ \series bold
+ Private - visible to author only
+ \series default
+  means that it can't be used for any course.
+ \layout Itemize
+ \series bold
+ Public - no authentication required
+ \series default
+  means anyone can find and use the resource.
+ \layout Standard
+ Now when you click
+ \series bold
+ Finalize Publication
+ \series default
+ , your resource will be published and usable (unless you set the distribution
+  to
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ private
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ ).
+ \layout Standard
+ If you're following this as a tutorial, publish your resources so we can
+  use them in the next section.
+ \layout Section
+ Creating A Course
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Creating a Course}
+ \end_inset
+ : Maps and Sequences
+ \layout Standard
+ In order to create a useful course, we need to arrange our raw materials
+  so that students can use them.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Creating Sequences
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Sequence}
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Standard
+ A
+ \series bold
+ Sequence
+ \series default
+  is a series of resources that can be navigated using the
+ \series bold
+ NAV
+ \series default
+  remote control button, or by using the arrow keys on the remote control.
+ \layout Standard
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 238 83
+ file mapEditorSelection.eps
+ width 3 40
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Map Editor Selection
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Map Editor Selection Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ To create a Sequence resource, create a new resource as described in section
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating New Content Pages}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  This is a
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ sequence
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  resource so the URL must end in
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ .sequence
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  After you enter in the URL ending in
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ .sequence
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , you should see a screen as in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Editor Selection Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  You can use either the advanced editor or the simplified editor.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Creating a Simple .sequence With The Simple Editor
  \layout Standard
  \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 250
+ file mapSimpleEditor.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Simple Map Editor
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Simple Map Editor}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ After creating a new .sequence resource and getting the editor selection
+  prompt (figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Editor Selection Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ ), click the
+ \series bold
+ Simple Edit
+ \series default
+  button to get to the simple map editor, which appears in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Simple Map Editor}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Standard
+ The Simple Editor can create .sequences and .pages which are linear, which
+  means they have no branches or conditions.
+ \layout Standard
+ On the right side of the simple editor is the
+ \series bold
+ Target
+ \series default
+ , which represents the map you are currently building.
+  On the left side is the
+ \series bold
+ Import
+ \series default
+  area, which represents a work area you can use for your convenience to
+  load and manipulate resource you may wish to include in your map.
+  Using the three buttons in the middle of the screen, from top to bottom
+  you can cut things out of the Target, copy from the Target to the Import,
+  and copy from the Import to the Target, respectively.
+ \layout Standard
+ On both sides of the screen, you can do a Group Search and a Group Import.
+  A Group Search allows you to run a search, then import selected results
+  from that search into either directly into your Map, or into your Import
+  space.
+  Checkboxes will appear next to the results in the Group Search, and you
+  can click the resource you wish to add to your map in the order that you
+  want them added.
+  After you select the resource, you will be presented with a screen that
+  allows you to change the order of the selected resources, then you will
+  be able to import the selected resources and work with them.
+ \layout Standard
+ A Group Import works in a similar fashion, but allows you to use the LON-CAPA
+  network browser to select your resources.
+ \layout Standard
+ On the Import side, you can also browse for another Map, and load the resources
+  used in that map into your Import workspace.
+  You can also discard the selected resources, clear all the resources, and
+  view the selected resource from the buttons on the Import side of the screen.
+ \layout Standard
+ Both list boxes support standard multi-select mechanisms as used in your
+  OS.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Creating a Simple .sequence With The Advanced Editor
+ \layout Standard
+ After creating a new .sequence resource and getting the editor selection
+  prompt (figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Editor Selection Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ ), click the
+ \series bold
+ Advanced Edit
+ \series default
+  button to get to the advanced map editor.
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 205
+ file mapAdvancedEditorNew.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 11
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Initial Map Editor
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Initial Map Editor FIgure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ You should see the initial map editor as shown in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Initial Map Editor FIgure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  Note there are two windows: One is the workspace, and one is a secondary
+  window which will contain information as you add resources.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 221
+ file mapClickedStart.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ After clicking
+ \series bold
+ Start
+ \series default
+  in the Map Constructor
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Clicked Start Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ Click the
+ \series bold
+ Start
+ \series default
+  box.
+  You'll see what you see in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Clicked Start Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  Click
+ \series bold
+ Link Resource
+ \series default
+  in the secondary window, then click on the
+ \series bold
+ Finish
+ \series default
+  box.
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 70 210
+ file mapStraightened.eps
+ height 3 25
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Straightened Map
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Striaghtened map}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+  After that, click
+ \series bold
+ Straighten
+ \series default
+ .
+  You should see something like figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Striaghtened map}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  This creates a simple map that flows from beginning to end.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 271 252
+ file mapInsertResource.eps
+ height 3 30
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Inserting a Resource
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Inserting a Resource Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ To insert a resource into the flow, click the black line with two arrows,
+  seen between the
+ \series bold
+ Start
+ \series default
+  and
+ \series bold
+ Finish
+ \series default
+  boxes in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Striaghtened map}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  In the secondary window, you'll see something like figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Inserting a Resource Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  Click
+ \series bold
+ Insert Resource Into Link
+ \series default
+ .
+  A new resource box will appear in the link.
+  Click the resource, which will have the label
+ \series bold
+ Res
+ \series default
+ .
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Click
+ \series bold
+ Browse
+ \series default
+ , and the
+ \series bold
+ Network Directory Browser
+ \series default
+  will appear,
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 357 162
+ file mapEditorDirectoryBrowser.eps
+ width 3 60
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Network Directory Browser
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Map Editor Network Directory Browser Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+  looking something like figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Editor Network Directory Browser Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  Press the
+ \series bold
+ SELECT
+ \series default
+  button that is next to the resource you want to place in the chosen resource
+  box.
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 42 252
+ file mapEditorResourceChosen.eps
+ height 3 30
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Resource Chosen
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Map Resource Chosen Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+  Once you've done that, if you look back at the window that popped up when
+  you clicked on
+ \series bold
+ New Resource
+ \series default
+ , you'll see something like figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Resource Chosen Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  You can type the
+ \series bold
+ URL
+ \series default
+  and
+ \series bold
+ Title
+ \series default
+  into the secondary window, if you prefer, following the format you see
+  when you've successfully browsed to a resource.
+  After you click
+ \series bold
+ Save Changes
+ \series default
+ , your changes will be set, and the icons for the resource will appear in
+  the
+ \series bold
+ Res
+ \series default
+  box, as shown in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Map Resource Chosen Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  Click
+ \series bold
+ Save Map
+ \series default
+  in the bar above your map to save the map.
+ \begin_deeper
+ \layout Standard
+ Clicking on the left icon for a resource will open a new browser window
+  with an informational page about that resource.
+  Clicking on the right icon for a resource will open a new browser window
+  taking you to the rendering of that resource.
+ \end_deeper
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Repeat steps two and three for as many resources as you'd like to bind together
+  into one page.
+  You can insert the new resources anywhere you'd like.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ When you are done adding resources, click the
+ \series bold
+ Save Map
+ \series default
+  link to save the map.
+ \layout Standard
+ In addition to manually adding in resources, the Advanced Editor also has
+  the ability to import resource in the same way that the Simple Editor can:
+  From a LON-CAPA network browser window, from a Group Search, or from another
+  Map.
+ \layout Standard
+ The advanced editor has many more capabilities which you can explore.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Page Maps
+ \layout Standard
+ Creating a .page map is the same as creating a sequence map, except that
+  when choosing the name of the resource, the URL will end with
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ .page
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  Then all resources you add in the map editor will appear on one page together.
+ \layout Standard
+ Pages are often used to connect problems in a homework set.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Creating a Course: Top-level Sequence
+ \layout Standard
+ In order to view sequences, they need to be part of a
+ \series bold
+ course
+ \series default
+ .
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 238 231
+ file creatingANewCourse.eps
+ width 3 40
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Creating a New Course
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Creating a New Course Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+  Courses have a Top-level Map which defines the whole course.
+  This top-level map will often itself contain maps corresponding to homework
+  assignments, chapters, or units.
+  To view your maps, you will need to make them part of a course.
+  Only Domain Coordinators can make courses and set their Top-level maps,
+  so work with your Domain Coordinator if you need to view your maps.
+ \layout Section
+ Numerical Response
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Numerical Response}
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Numerical Response}
+ \end_inset
+  And Formula Response Questions
+ \layout Standard
+ Numerical Response problems are very powerful.
+  In fact, they are so powerful it would be impossible to fully explain what
+  is possible in a document like this.
+  This chapter will focus on getting you started with Numerical Response
+  problems, and showing you some of the possibilities, with no prerequisite
+  knowledge necessary.
+  The more you learn, the more you will find you can do.
+ \layout Standard
+ If you like, you can follow this chapter along as its own tutorial.
+  Create a Numerical Response problem using the instructions in section
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Creating New Content Pages}
+ \end_inset
+ , ending your resource name with
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ .problem
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , and create a new
+ \series bold
+ Simple Numerical Response
+ \series default
+  problem.
+ \layout Subsection
+ The Parts of a Numerical Response Problem
+ \layout Standard
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 356
+ file numericalResponse1.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Numerical Response editor
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Numerical Response Editor Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ A Numerical Response problem has seven major parts by default, as seen in
+  figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Numerical Response Editor Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ :
+ \layout Enumerate
+ The
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \series default
+ .
+  The script is the heart of advanced Numerical Response problems.
+  It can be used to decide some of the parameters of the problem, compute
+  the answer to the problem, and do just about anything else you can imagine.
+  The Script language is
+ \series bold
+ Perl
+ \series default
+ .
+  You do not need to know Perl to use the
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \series default
+ block, as we will be stepping through some advanced examples in this chapter,
+  but knowing Perl can help.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Like other problem types, the
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+  is used to display the problem the student will see.
+  In addition, you can place variables in the
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+  based on computations done in the
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \series default
+ .
+ \layout Enumerate
+ The
+ \series bold
+ Answer
+ \series default
+  is the answer the system is looking for.
+  This can also use parameters from the
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \series default
+  block, allowing the answer to be computed dynamically.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ A
+ \series bold
+ tolerance
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tolerance}
+ \end_inset
+ \series default
+  parameter, which determines how closely the system will require the student's
+  answer to be in order to count it correct.
+  For technical reasons, it is almost never a good idea to set this parameter
+  to zero
+ \begin_float footnote
+ \layout Standard
+ Computers can only approximate computations involving real numbers.
+  For instance, a computer's [decimal] answer to the simple problem
+ \begin_inset Formula \( \frac{1}{3} \)
+ \end_inset
+  is
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+.33333333333333331
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  It
+ \emph on
+ should
+ \emph default
+  be an infinite series of 3's, and there certainly shouldn't be a
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  in the answer, but no computer can represent an infinitely long, infinitely
+  detailed real number.
+  Therefore, for any problem where the answer is not a small integer, you
+ \emph on
+ need
+ \emph default
+  to allow a tolerance factor, or the students will find it nearly impossible
+  to exactly match the computers idea of the answer.
+ \end_float
+ , though you may find the default too large for some problems.
+  There are two kinds of tolerance.
+  For some answer
+ \begin_inset Formula \( a \)
+ \end_inset
+  and a tolerance
+ \begin_inset Formula \( t \)
+ \end_inset
+ ,
+ \begin_deeper
+ \layout Enumerate
+ an
+ \series bold
+ Absolute
+ \series default
+  tolerance
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{absolute tolerance}
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tolerance, absolute}
+ \end_inset
+  will take anything in the range
+ \begin_inset Formula \( a\pm t \)
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  So if
+ \begin_inset Formula \( a=10 \)
+ \end_inset
+  and
+ \begin_inset Formula \( t=2 \)
+ \end_inset
+ , then anything between 8 and 12 is acceptable
+ \begin_float footnote
+ \end_deeper
+ \layout Standard
+ For much the same reasons a tolerance is almost always a good idea, it's
+  almost impossible to say whether an answer that is
+ \emph on
+ exactly
+ \emph default
+ \begin_inset Formula \( a\pm t \)
+ \end_inset
+  will be accepted by the computer.
+  But the computer does use many decimal places of accuracy; if you want
+  to have the student answer exactly
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , then specifying a tolerance of
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ .0000001
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  is OK.
+  (Don't use too many more zeros, though you can use less if you like.)
+ \end_float
+ .
+  Any number in the tolerance field
+ \emph on
+ without
+ \emph default
+  a
+ \series bold
+ %
+ \series default
+  symbol is an absolute tolerance.
+ \begin_deeper
+ \layout Enumerate
+ a
+ \series bold
+ Relative
+ \series default
+  tolerance
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{relative tolerance}
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tolerance, relative}
+ \end_inset
+  will take anything in the range
+ \begin_inset Formula \( a\pm at \)
+ \end_inset
+ , where
+ \emph on
+ t
+ \emph default
+  is interpreted as a percentage.
+  Any number in the tolerance field
+ \emph on
+ followed by
+ \emph default
+  a
+ \series bold
+ %
+ \series default
+  symbol is a relative tolerance.
+  For example,
+ \begin_inset Formula \( a=10 \)
+ \end_inset
+  and
+ \begin_inset Formula \( t=10\% \)
+ \end_inset
+  will accept anything between 9 and 11.
+ \end_deeper
+ \layout Enumerate
+ A
+ \series bold
+ significant figures
+ \series default
+  specification tells the system how many significant figures there are in
+  the problem, as either a single number or a range of acceptable values,
+  expressed as
+ \series bold
+ min,max
+ \series default
+ .
+  The system will check to make sure that the student's answer contains this
+  many significant digits, useful in many scientific calculations.
+  For example, if the problem has three significant digits, the significant
+  digit specification is
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , and the answer is
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+.3
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , the system will require the students to type
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+.30
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , even though numerically,
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+.3
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  and
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+.30
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  are the same.
+  A significant figure specification of
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+,4
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  means both
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+.30
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  and
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+.300
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  are acceptable.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ The
+ \series bold
+ Single Line Text Entry
+ \series default
+  area, as in other problems, allow you to manipulate the text entry area
+  the student will see.
+ \layout Enumerate
+ Finally, the
+ \series bold
+ Hint
+ \series default
+  should contain text which will help the students when they answer incorrectly.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Simple Numerical Response Answer
+ \layout Standard
+ Along with showing the Numerical Response editor, figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Numerical Response Editor Figure}
+ \end_inset
+  also shows the parameters for one of the simplest possible types of numerical
+  response.
+  The
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+  has the problem's question, which is the static text
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ What is 2 + 2?
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  The
+ \series bold
+ Answer
+ \series default
+  is
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  The
+ \series bold
+ Hint
+ \series default
+  has been set to something appropriate for this problem.
+  Everything else has the default values from when the problem was created.
+ \layout Standard
+ If you create a problem like this, hit
+ \series bold
+ Submit Changes
+ \series default
+ , then hit
+ \series bold
+ View
+ \series default
+  after the changes have been submitted, you can try the problem out for
+  yourself.
+  Note the last box in the HTML page has the answer LON-CAPA is looking for
+  conveniently displayed for you, along with the range the computer will
+  accept and the number of significant digits the computer requires when
+  viewed by an
+ \series bold
+ Author
+ \series default
+ .
+ \layout Standard
+ As you're playing with the problem, if you use up all your tries or get
+  the answer correct but wish to continue playing with the problem, use the
+ \series bold
+ Reset Submissions
+ \series default
+  button to clear your answer attempts.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Simple Script Usage
+ \layout Standard
+ Totally static problems only scratch the surface of the Numerical Response
+  capabilities.
+  To really explore the power of LON-CAPA, we need to start creating dynamic
+  problems.
+  But before we can get to truly dynamic problems, we need to learn how to
+  work with the
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Script}
+ \end_inset
+ \series default
+  window.
+ \layout Standard
+ A script consists of several
+ \series bold
+ statements
+ \series default
+ , separated by
+ \series bold
+ semi-colons
+ \series default
+ .
+  A
+ \series bold
+ statement
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{statement}
+ \end_inset
+ \series default
+  is the smallest kind of instruction to the computer.
+  Most problems will be built from several statements.
+ \layout Standard
+ A script can contain
+ \series bold
+ comments
+ \series default
+ , which are not interpreted as statements by the computer.
+  Comments start with
+ \series bold
+ #
+ \series default
+ , and go to the end of that line.
+  Thus, if a line starts with #, the whole line is ignored.
+  Comments can also begin in the middle of a line.
+  It is a good idea to comment more complicated scripts, as it can be very
+  difficult to read a large script and figure out what it does.
+  It is a
+ \emph on
+ very
+ \emph default
+  good idea to adopt some sort of commenting standard, especially if you
+  are working in a group or you believe other people may use your problems
+  in the future.
+ \layout Itemize
+ One of the simplest statements in LON-CAPA is a
+ \series bold
+ variable assignment
+ \series default
+ .
+  A
+ \series bold
+ variable
+ \series default
+  can hold any value in it.
+  The variable name must start with a
+ \series bold
+ $
+ \series default
+ .
+  In the
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \series default
+ , you need to assign to variables before you use them.
+  Put this program into the
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \series default
+  field of the Numerical Response:
+ \begin_deeper
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ $variable = 3;
+ \layout Standard
+ This creates a variable named
+ \series bold
+ variable
+ \series default
+  and assigns it the value of
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  That's one statement.
+ \end_deeper
+ \layout Standard
+ Variable names are
+ \emph on
+ case sensitive
+ \emph default
+ , must start with a letter, and can only consist of letters, numbers, and
+  underscores.
+  Variable names can be as long as you want.
+ \layout Standard
+ There are many variable naming conventions, covering both how to name and
+  how to capitalize variables
+ \begin_float footnote
+ \layout Standard
+ The author favors
+ \family typewriter
+ capsOnNewWords
+ \family default
+ .
+  Some people use
+ \family typewriter
+ underscore_to_separate_words
+ \family default
+ .
+  Many use uppercase letters to specify constants like
+ \family typewriter
+ PI
+ \family default
+  or
+ \family typewriter
+ GOLDEN_MEAN
+ \family default
+ .
+  Some people always
+ \family typewriter
+ StartWithCapatalization
+ \family default
+ .
+  What's really important is to be consistent, so you don't have to guess
+  whether the variable you're thinking of is
+ \family typewriter
+ coefFriction
+ \family default
+ ,
+ \family typewriter
+ CoefFriction
+ \family default
+ ,
+ \family typewriter
+ COEF_FRICTION
+ \family default
+ , or something else.
+ \end_float
+ .
+  It is a good idea to adopt a standard.
+  If you are working with a group, you may wish to discuss it in your group
+  and agree on a convention.
+ \layout Standard
+ If you
+ \series bold
+ Submit Changes
+ \series default
+  and
+ \series bold
+ View
+ \series default
+  the problem, you'll see nothing has changed.
+  That's because in order for a variable to be useful, it must be used.
+  The variable can be used in several places.
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Variables in Scripts
+ \layout Standard
+ Variables can be used later in the same script.
+  For instance, we can add another line below the
+ \family typewriter
+ $variable
+ \family default
+  line as such:
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ $variable2 = $variable + 2;
+ \layout Standard
+ Now there is a variable called
+ \family typewriter
+ $variable2
+ \family default
+  with the the number
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  as its value.
+ \layout Standard
+ Variables can also be used in
+ \emph on
+ strings
+ \emph default
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{strings}
+ \end_inset
+ , which are a sequence of letters.
+  The underlying language of the script, Perl, has a very large number of
+  ways of using variables in strings, but the easiest and most common way
+  is to use normal double-quotes and just spell out the name of the variable
+  you want to use in the string, like this:
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ $stringVar =
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ I have a variable with the value $variable.
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Standard
+ This will put the string
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ I have a variable with the value 3.
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  into the variable named
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ stringVar
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Standard
+ If you are following this chapter as a tutorial, add the previous two lines
+  to your
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \series default
+  and submit the changes for the problem.
+  There's no need to view it; there's still no visible change.
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Variables in the Text Block
+ \layout Standard
+ Once you've defined variables in the
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \series default
+ , you can use them in the
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+ .
+  For example, using the previous three-line script we've created so far,
+  you can place the following in the
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+ :
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ See the 3: $variable<br />
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ See the string: <b>$stringVar</b><br />
+ \layout Standard
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 353 99
+ file numericalResponseVarInText.eps
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Result of Variables in the Text Block
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Result of Variables in the Text Block Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ If you save that and hit
+ \series bold
+ View
+ \series default
+ , you should get what you see in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Result of Variables in the Text Block Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  Note how the
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ $variable
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  was turned into a 3, and the
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ $stringVar
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  was turned into
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ I have a variable with the value 3.
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Variables in the Answer Block
+ \layout Standard
+ You can use variables in the
+ \series bold
+ Answer
+ \series default
+  part of the question, too.
+  This means you can compute an answer to a question, which we'll see in
+  a bit.
+  If you set the answer of the question to be
+ \series bold
+ $variable
+ \series default
+ ,
+ \series bold
+ Save Changes
+ \series default
+  and
+ \series bold
+ View
+ \series default
+  it, you'll see that LON-CAPA is now expecting
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+.0
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  as the answer, plus or minus 5%.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Calling Functions
+ \layout Standard
+ With variables, you can store strings or numbers.
+ \series bold
+ Functions
+ \series default
+  allow you to manipulate these strings or numbers.
+  Functions work like mathematical functions: They take some number of arguments
+  in, and return one argument, usually a number or a string for our purposes.
+  There are a lot of functions available in LON-CAPA.
+  You can see a complete list at http://mileva.lite.msu.edu/loncapadocs/homework/hom
+ ework5.html.
+  For now, let's just look at some simple examples.
+ \layout Standard
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ $a = -3.0;
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ $b = &sin($a);
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ $c = &pow(3.0, &abs($a));
+ \layout Caption
+ Some Function Calls
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Some Function Calls Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ In the
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \series default
+  block, function names start with
+ \series bold
+ &
+ \series default
+ .
+  Some example function calls are shown in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Some Function Calls Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  You can see that functions can take either variables, numbers, or the results
+  of other function calls as parameters.
+  The
+ \family typewriter
+ &sin
+ \family default
+  function returns the sine of an angle expressed in radians.
+ \family typewriter
+ &pow
+ \family default
+  raises the first parameter to the power of the second parameter.
+ \family typewriter
+ &abs
+ \family default
+  returns the absolute value of the argument.
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Randomization
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Randomization}
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Standard
+ For LON-CAPA, one of the most important functions is the
+ \family typewriter
+ random
+ \family default
+  function.
+  Random takes three parameters: a
+ \emph on
+ lower limit
+ \emph default
+ , an
+ \emph on
+ upper limit
+ \emph default
+ , and an
+ \emph on
+ interval
+ \emph default
+ .
+  The
+ \family typewriter
+ &random
+ \family default
+  function returns a random value between the upper and lower limit, some
+  integer number of
+ \emph on
+ interval
+ \emph default
+ 's away from the lower limit.
+  Thus, for example,
+ \family typewriter
+ &random(1,2,.2)
+ \family default
+  might return 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, or 2.
+ \family typewriter
+ &random
+ \family default
+  uses a uniform distribution.
+  Other distributions are available in LON-CAPA, and can be found by consulting
+  the function list.
+ \layout Standard
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ $a = &random(1.0,10.0,1.0);
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ $b = &random(-10.0, -3.0, 1.0);
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ $answer = $a+$b;
+ \layout Caption
+ Sample
+ \family typewriter
+ random
+ \family default
+  Calls
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Sample Random Calls figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+ If you put the script in figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Sample Random Calls figure}
+ \end_inset
+  into the
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \series default
+  block (replacing whatever contents might be in the block already), you'll
+  get two random variables $a and $b.
+  Now, in the
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+ , put
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ What is $a plus $b?
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , and in the
+ \series bold
+ Answer
+ \series default
+  put
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ $answer
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , without the quotes for either of them.
+  (It is a good idea to create a variable to hold the answer and call it
+  $answer, or some other reasonably standard name.
+  Do not try to compute the answer in the
+ \series bold
+ Answer
+ \series default
+  field itself; it will not work as you expect.) Now save the problem and
+ \series bold
+ View
+ \series default
+  it.
+  You'll see a randomized problem.
+ \layout Standard
+ For each student, the same random number will be used each time they visit
+  the problem, but each student will get different random numbers.
+  For any but the simplest random problems, you'll want to see several random
+  problems to make sure everything is working out correctly.
+  This is what the
+ \series bold
+ Random Seed
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Random Seed}
+ \end_inset
+ \series default
+  field is for.
+  To see another randomized version of the problem you've just created, put
+  another number into the
+ \series bold
+ Random Seed
+ \series default
+  field and hit
+ \series bold
+ Change
+ \series default
+ .
+  It doesn't really matter what number you put into the field.
+  But for any given
+ \series bold
+ Random Seed
+ \series default
+  with the same problem, you'll see the same randomized problem generated
+  for you.
+  (If you change the
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \series default
+ , you are no longer guaranteed to get the same problem.)
+ \layout Standard
+ If you're doing this as a tutorial, try a few random seeds to see what happens.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Dynamic, Randomized Problems: Putting It All Together
+ \layout Standard
+ Now you have all the tools to create those wonderful dynamic, randomized
+  problems that you've seen in LON-CAPA.
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 197
+ file numericalResponseSlopeProblem.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Slope Problem Parameters
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Slope Problem Parameters Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ \end_float
+  For example, try filling out your problem with the parameters shown in
+  figure
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Slope Problem Parameters Figure}
+ \end_inset
+ .
+ \layout Standard
+ When creating randomized problems, you want to make sure that the problems
+  always have an answer.
+  Consider what might happen if I had chosen the two slopes
+ \emph on
+ both
+ \emph default
+  with the expression
+ \family typewriter
+ &random(-1.0,1.0,.2)
+ \family default
+ .
+  One out of ten students would get a problem where both slopes were equal,
+  which has either no solution (for unequal y-intercepts) or an infinite
+  number of solutions (for equal slopes and y-intercepts).
+  Both of these cause a division-by-zero error on the division that computes
+  the answer.
+  There are many ways to avoid this, one of the easiest of which is picking
+  one slope negative and one positive.
+  This same problem can show up in many other places, too, so be careful.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Units, Format
+ \layout Standard
+ Numerical Response problems can require units.
+  In the problem editing form, place the desired unit in the
+ \series bold
+ Unit
+ \series default
+  field.
+  For information about what units the system accepts, see http://capa4.lite.msu.edu
+ /demolibrary/Links/UnitsSymbolsT2.html.
+  The computer will accept the answer in any of its accepted unit formats.
+  For example, if the answer to a problem is
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ft
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , the computer will accept
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+in
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  as correct.
+ \layout Standard
+ Additionally, you can format the number displayed by the computer as the
+  answer.
+  For instance, if the answer is one-third, the computer will display that
+  it computed
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ .333333333
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  as the answer.
+  If you'd like to shorten that, you can use the
+ \series bold
+ Format
+ \series default
+  field.
+  Format strings like
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+E
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  (without the quotes) will display three significant digits in scientific
+  notation.
+  Format strings like
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+f
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  will display two digits after the decimal point.
+ \layout Subsection
+ For More Information
+ \layout Standard
+ The full power of Perl is well outside the scope of this document.
+  Looking in the function list at
+ \newline
+ http://mileva.lite.msu.edu/loncapadocs/homework/homework5.html
+ \newline
+ can give you some ideas.
+  O'Reilly has some good Perl books.
+  The Perl 5 Pocket Reference will contain more than what you need to know
+  to use LON-CAPA, available at
+ \newline
+ http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/perlpr3/ .
+ \layout Standard
+ If you have any problems, consult http://help.loncapa.org/fom/cache/5.html
+  .
+  If you don't find the answer to your problem, please help us expand the
+  FAQ by submitting a new pending question.
+ \layout Standard
+ Our advanced users often come to prefer the XML interface for the problems,
+  available through the
+ \series bold
+ EditXML
+ \series default
+  buttons.
+  Covering the XML format is beyond the scope of this manual, but you can
+  learn a lot by using the editor to make changes and seeing what happens
+  to the XML.
+ \layout Subsection
+ Formula Response
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Formula Response}
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Formula Response}
+ \end_inset
+  Problems
+ \layout Standard
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 476 262
+ file formulaResponse.eps
+ width 3 80
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Caption
+ Formula Response Problem
+ \end_float
+ Formula response problems asks the student to type in a formula as an answer.
+  If the answer is
+ \begin_inset Formula \( 2x^{2}+4 \)
+ \end_inset
+ , the student is allowed to type
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+*x*x+4
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ ,
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ x*x + x*x + 4
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ ,
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+*x^2 + 14 - 10
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , or any other equivalent expression.
+  Formula Response problems have many of the same characteristics of Numerical
+  Response problems, including the ability to run scripts, dynamically generate
+  answers, etc.
+ \layout Standard
+ As you may know, it is extremely difficult to determine whether a given
+  expression is exactly equal to another expression in general.
+  For example, is
+ \begin_inset Formula \( \sin 2x=2\sin x\cos x \)
+ \end_inset
+ ? Symbolically proving it one way or another is impossible in general.
+  Therefore, LON-CAPA uses a sampling system.
+  If your answer and the student's answer agree at the sampling points within
+  your given tolerance factor, the student's answer will be accepted, otherwise
+  it will be rejected.
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Sampling Specifications
+ \layout Standard
+ To specify where to sample the formulas for determining whether the student's
+  answer is correct, you need to put a sampling specification in the
+ \series bold
+ Sample Points
+ \series default
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Sample Points}
+ \end_inset
+  field.
+  The sampling specifications takes the following format:
+ \layout Enumerate
+ A comma separated list of the variables you wish to interpret,
+ \layout Enumerate
+ followed by
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ @
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  (not in quotes),
+ \layout Enumerate
+ followed by any number of the following two things, separated by semi-colons:
+ \begin_deeper
+ \layout Enumerate
+ a comma separated list of as many numbers as there are variables, which
+  specifies one sampling point, OR
+ \layout Enumerate
+ a comma separated list of as many numbers as there are variables, followed
+  by a colon, followed by another list of as many numbers as there are variables,
+  followed by a #, followed by an integer.
+ \end_deeper
+ \layout Standard
+ The first form specifies one point to sample.
+  The second form specifies a range for each variable, and the system will
+  take as many random samples from that range as the number after the #.
+ \layout Standard
+ For
+ \begin_inset Formula \( 2x^{2}+4 \)
+ \end_inset
+ , with one variable
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ x
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , one could specify
+ \layout Itemize
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ x@2
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , which will sample the answers only at 2.
+  (This is generally a bad idea, as the student could get lucky and match
+  at that point)
+ \layout Itemize
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ x@1:5#4
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  will takes 4 samples from somewhere between 1 and 5.
+ \layout Itemize
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ x@1:5#4;10
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+  will takes 4 samples from somewhere between 1 and 5, and also sample at
+.
+ \layout Standard
+ For
+ \begin_inset Formula \( 2x^{2}+3y^{3} \)
+ \end_inset
+ , which has two variables, one could specify
+ \layout Itemize
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ x,y@4,5:10,12#4;0,0
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ , which take four samples from the box determined by the points (4, 5) and
+  (10, 12), and also sample the point (0, 0).
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Formula Notes
+ \layout Itemize
+ The formula evaluator can not handle things of the form
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ x + - y
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ .
+  If you have a random variable that may be positive or negative (as in the
+  example following this section), you can try wrapping the references to
+  that variable in parenthesis.
+  As always, it is a good idea to try out several randomized versions of
+  your problems to make sure everything works correctly.
+ \layout Itemize
+ \series bold
+ Never use relative tolerance in Formula Response problems.
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tolerance, in formula response}
+ \end_inset
+ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{relative tolerance, in formula response}
+ \end_inset
+ \series default
+  Relative tolerance is poorly defined in Formula Response problems.
+  Always use absolute tolerance.
+ \layout Subsubsection
+ Example Formula Response
+ \layout Standard
+ A very simple formula response problem:
+ \layout Standard
+ In the
+ \series bold
+ Script
+ \series default
+ , place the following:
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ $slope = &random(-5.0,5.0,.5);
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ $yint  = &random(-5.0,5.0,.5);
+ \layout LyX-Code
+ $answer =
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ $slope*x + ($yint)
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ ;
+ \layout Itemize
+ In the
+ \series bold
+ Text Block
+ \series default
+ , place the following:
+ \begin_inset Quotes eld
+ \end_inset
+ For a line with slope $slope and y-intercept $yint, what is y equal to?
+ \begin_inset Quotes erd
+ \end_inset
+ \layout Itemize
+ In the
+ \series bold
+ Answer
+ \series default
+ , place the following: $answer
+ \layout Itemize
+ Set the Tolerance to .000001.
+ \layout Itemize
+ Set the
+ \series bold
+ Sample Points
+ \series default
+  to x@0,1,2,3 .
+ \layout Comment
+ TODO:
+ \layout Comment
+ * Get sampling problem figured out
+ \layout Comment
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \layout Comment
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \newline
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \layout Comment
+ Appendix A: Student Interface
+ \layout Comment
+ \begin_float fig
+ \layout Standard
+ \align center
+ \begin_inset Figure size 152 353
+ file studentInterface.eps
+ flags 9
+ \end_inset
  \layout Caption
  Student Remote Control
- Line 1048  The Student Remote Control will automati
+ Line 4766  The Student Remote Control will automati
   a LON-CAPA course as a student.
   The Student Remote Control contains most of the functions of the Author
   Remote Control and the following additional functions.
- \layout Itemize
+ \layout Comment
  \series bold
  NAV (NAVIGATE CONTENTS)
  \series default
   allows you to directly access resources from the course outline.
- \layout Itemize
+ \layout Comment
  \series bold
  ARROWS (LEFT and RIGHT)
  \series default
   allows you to move to the backward or forward through the course.
- \layout Itemize
+ \layout Comment
  \series bold
  GRDS (MY GRADES)
  \series default
   allows you to check your grades in the courses you are taking.
- \layout Itemize
+ \layout Comment
  \series bold
  SBKM (SET BOOKMARK)
  \series default
   allows you to bookmark pages for easy access.
- \layout Itemize
+ \layout Comment
  \series bold
  VBKM (VIEW BOOKMARK)
  \series default
   displays your bookmarks for easy access to bookmarked resources.
- \layout Itemize
+ \layout Comment
  \series bold
  ANOT (ANOTATE)
  \series default
   allows you to create personal notes.
- \layout Itemize
+ \layout Comment
  \series bold

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